Saturday, November 30, 2019

The Tell Tale Heart and the Black Cat Essay Sample free essay sample

â€Å"Can you non see I have full control of my head? Is it non clear that I am non huffy? I could hear sounds I had neer heard before. I heard sounds from Eden and I heard sounds from snake pit! † This quotation mark from the storyteller of the short narrative. ‘The Tell Tale Heart’ . shows us how the storyteller has wholly lost his senses. believing in the supernatural and the storyteller even tries to carry us that he has the powers of a God. One of the chief subjects in both ‘The Black Cat’ and ‘The Tell Tale Heart’ is unhealthy obsessivity. the objects of which are besides of import symbols in the narratives. For illustration. in ‘The Black Cat’ . the storyteller is unnaturally obsessed with his black cat and its milieus. believing it to be the cause of his ruin and in ‘The Tell Tale Heart’ . the storyteller was foremost obsessed with the old man’s vulture-like oculus and subsequently his crushing bos om. We will write a custom essay sample on The Tell Tale Heart and the Black Cat Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One of the symbols in ‘The Black Cat’ was Pluto. the favored cat. This symbol relates to the subject because the storyteller of this narrative was unnaturally obsessed with the cat. believing that the cat was responsible for all the bad luck and purportedly supernatural things that were go oning. such as when his house burned down. The storyteller. who was get downing to lose his saneness. was convinced that the cat was out to acquire retaliation on him. â€Å"The cat was a beautiful animate being. of remarkably big size. and wholly black. I named the cat Pluto and it was the pet I liked best. † the storyteller explains. From this. we can state the storyteller loved his favored cat really much. more than his other pets and even more than his married woman. Edgar Allen Poe successfully conveyed the thought that when you love person and they turn against you. it hurts even more. He is proposing to us that the ground why he all of a sudden became barbarous to the cat was because it was intolerable to him that this most loved and sure animal should turn against him. This type of hurting and torment is really common as we tend to ache more if person closest to us should turn against us. The coloring material of the cat was black. which is symbolic because the color black symbolises bad fortune. bad luck and d ecease. which is precisely what the storyteller believes the cat brings. â€Å"It about seemed that the cat had in some cryptic manner caused the house to fire so that it could do me pay for my evil act. so that it could take retaliation on me. † By stating this. the storyteller seems to believe that the cat wants to take some sort of supernatural retaliation on him because the storyteller had killed the cat out of hurting and bitterness. since the cat had turned off from him. The cat’s name is Pluto and he symbolises Pluto. the Roman God of the underworld ; the Christian equivalent being the Satan in snake pit. The basement is a symbol found in â€Å"The Black Cat† . This relates to the subject because the storyteller is obsessed with the cat and everything supernatural go oning around it. Many unusual and supernatural happenings happen down in the basement ; non to advert. that to the storyteller ; the basement is like snake pit because snake pit is below the Earth and the basement is at the underside of the house. â€Å"I jumped from my bed and found that the full house was filled with fire. I thought of the cat as I watched it fire the cat whose dead organic structure I head left hanging in the basement. â €  The storyteller believed that the cat was like the Satan in snake pit. acquiring retaliation on him for his evil Acts of the Apostless with red region: The red region being the fire firing down his house. The cellar symbolized all things supernatural and symbolizes retaliation: â€Å"On the body’s caput. its one oculus filled with fire. its broad unfastened oral cavity the coloring material of blood. sat the cat shouting out its retaliation! † The storyteller murdered his married woman and embedded her in the cellar’s rock walls. non recognizing that the cat was entombed in at that place with her. So when he was certain that the officers wouldn’t happen a thing. the storyteller tapped the rock wall of the basement and all of a sudden a atrocious call came out of the wall. The call belonged to the cat and the storyteller was obsessed and convinced that he was the shade of the first cat coming back for its retaliation. From this. Edgar Allen Poe is seeking to convey the message that by making an evil act. guilt and fright will catch up with you. This is seen in today’s society in many degrees. For illustration. when we do a smaller graduated table â₠¬Ëœwrongdoing’ such as tell a prevarication. guilt and fright will catch up to us. in the same manner as making the large offenses such as slaying. Another symbol in â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart† was the old man’s vulture-like oculus. This relates to the subject because the storyteller is unnaturally obsessed with the old man’s oculus believing that â€Å"for it was non the old adult male I felt I had to kill ; it was the oculus. his Evil Eye. † The storyteller was afraid of the ‘evil eye’ and was wholly obsessed with it believing that is symbolized all things evil. awful and supernatural. The storyteller believed that the old man’s oculus. â€Å"was like the oculus of a vulture. the oculus of one of those awful birds that watch and wait while an carnal dies† and felt the lone manner to acquire rid of all this evilness was to ‘shut this oculus everlastingly. ’ Therefore the storyteller became haunted with destructing the oculus which he believed symbolized all things atrocious and evil. It is suggested that it was due to the ‘evil eye’ that the storyteller became brainsick because â€Å"due to that oculus. that difficult blue oculus. the blood in my organic structure became similar ice. † This is highly common in mundane society as there is ever something that will rag person and on occasion it will tip them over the border. taking to crazes and mental instability. Another symbol is the continuously beating bosom in â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart† . This relates to the subject because the storyteller of this narrative was obsessed with the bosom. believing that the bosom of the old adult male with the vulture-like oculus that he murdered was still crushing. and the narrator’s fright of being caught overpowers him. His compulsion and crazes lead to a mental dislocation and a confession to the constabulary. because he thinks that they are playing a game with him. when all along it was merely his ain bosom buffeting: â€Å"It was a speedy. low soft sound. Louder it became. I was certain they heard it! Suddenly I could bear it no more. I pointed at the boards and cried. â€Å"Yes I killed him. But why does his bosom non halt whipping? † This quotation mark from the storyteller indicates that the bosom is a symbol of the narrator’s feelings. While the storyteller believes that it is the old man’s bosom whipping. it is really his ain bosom thumping off. His bosom gets louder and louder as he gets more hysterical. From this. Edgar Allen Poe is seeking to state us that it was the narrator’s compulsion with the old man’s bosom that prevented him from seeing that it was really his ain bosom that was crushing madly. This is really common in today’s society ; many people are blinded from the truth by their compulsions with falsities. â€Å"The old man’s fright must be great so. As the sound grew louder. my choler became greater and more painful. But it was more than choler. In the quiet dark. my choler became fright for the bosom was crushing so aloud that I was certain person must hear. † This quotation mark from the storyteller shows that the storyteller believes that because the old adult male was highly scared. his bosom was thumping loud plenty for him to hear but in existent fact. it was his through his ain fright taking him to kill the old adult male. Both the storytellers from â€Å"The Black Cat† and â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart† are unnaturally obsessed with something negative that becomes symbolic of ruin for them. â€Å"The Black Cat† storyteller is unnaturally obsessed with Pluto. the cat. believing that it brought bad luck and â€Å"The Tell T ale Heart† storyteller was unnaturally obsessed with the continuously beating bosom and vulture-like oculus of the old adult male. â€Å"Yes! He was dead! Dead as a rock. His oculus would problem me no more! † These really unhealthy compulsions caused the two narrator’s ruins. their mental impairment and increasing lunacy.

Tuesday, November 26, 2019

Pennsylvania News November 20th, 1863 Essay Example

Pennsylvania News November 20th, 1863 Essay Example Pennsylvania News November 20th, 1863 Essay Pennsylvania News November 20th, 1863 Essay Yesterday I witnessed what I believe to be one of the greatest speeches of all time. It was at the bloody battlefield of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. It was at this juncture where many soldiers lost their lives fighting for freedom, and a unified nation. President Abraham Lincoln gave a speech in response to the horrific battle that took place the first three days in July of this year. The speech, although short, expressed some very good points. The peak of it, which I believe to be moving on and continuing to fight for what those men died for. He made a point of telling the people that those men had not died in vain but in honor.The cause they died for was righteous and what they had accomplished would never be forgotten even long after his speech was. The way in which the speech concluded seemed to almost be an encouragement to the people to keep fighting for the cause. He ended, and I quote, that we here resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that this nation, under God , shall have a new birth of freedom and that government of the people, by the people and for the people, shall not perish from this earth. This speech, along with encouraging people to keep fighting, gave them hope for a better nation and a free country. Although many people look upon this speech as diminutive for such a serious occasion, I believe everything that needed to be said was said. Any additional elaboration on the subject might have made the speech drawn out and off target. Overall I believe that this speech was appropriate as well as influential.

Friday, November 22, 2019

Biology Essay Research Paper Term paperPrinciples of

Biology Essay, Research Paper Term paper: Principles of Ecology 310L New Ecological Penetrations: The Application of Fractal Geometry to Ecology Victoria Levin 7 December 1995 Abstraction New penetrations into the natural universe are merely a few of the consequences from the usage of fractal geometry. Examples from population and landscape ecology are used to exemplify the utility of fractal geometry to the field of ecology. The coming of the computing machine age played an of import function in the development and credence of fractal geometry as a valid new subject. New penetrations gained from the application of fractal geometry to ecology include: understanding the importance of spacial and temporal graduated tables ; the relationship between landscape construction and motion tracts ; an increased apprehension of landscape constructions ; and the ability to more accurately exemplary landscapes and ecosystems. Using fractal dimensions allows ecologists to map carnal tracts without making an unwieldy flood of information. Computer simulations of landscapes provide utile theoretical accounts for deriving new penetrations into the coexistence of species. Although many ecologists have found fractal geometry to be an highly utile tool, non all concur. With all the new penetrations gained through the appropriate application of fractal geometry to natural scientific disciplines, it is clear that fractal geometry a utile and valid tool. New penetration into the natural universe is merely one of the consequences of the increasing popularity and usage of fractal geometry in the last decennary. What are fractals and what are they good for? Scientists in a assortment of subjects have been seeking to reply this inquiry for the last two decennaries. Physicists, chemists, mathematicians, life scientists, computing machine scientists, and medical research workers are merely a few of the scientists that have found utilizations for fractals and fractal geometry. Ecologists have found fractal geometry to be an highly utile tool for depicting ecological systems. Many population, community, ecosystem, and landscape ecologists use fractal geometry as a tool to assist specify and explicate the systems in the universe around us. As with any scientific field, there has been some discord in ecology about the appropriate degree of survey. For illustration, some being ecologists think that anything larger than a individual being obscures the world with excessively much item. On the other manus, some ecosystem ecologists believe that looking at anything less than an full ecosystem will non give meaningful consequences. In world, both positions are right. Ecologists must take all degrees of organisation into history to acquire the most out of a survey. Fractal geometry is a tool that bridges the # 8220 ; spread # 8221 ; between different Fieldss of ecology and provides a common linguistic communication. Fractal geometry has provided new penetration into many Fieldss of ecology. Examples from population and landscape ecology will be used to exemplify the utility of fractal geometry to the field of ecology. Some population ecologists use fractal geometry to correlate the landscape construction with motion tracts of populations or beings, which greatly influences population and community ecology. Landscape ecologists tend to utilize fractal geometry to specify, depict, and theoretical account the scale-dependent heterogeneousness of the landscape construction. Before researching applications of fractal geometry in ecology, we must foremost specify fractal geometry. The exact definition of a fractal is hard to trap down. Even the adult male who conceived of and developed fractals had a difficult clip specifying them ( Voss 1988 ) . Mandelbrot # 8217 ; s foremost published definition of a fractal was in 1977, when he wrote, # 8220 ; A fractal is a set for which the Hausdorff-Besicovitch dimension purely exceeds the topographical dimension # 8221 ; ( Mandelbrot 1977 ) . He subsequently expressed sorrow for holding defined the word at all ( Mandelbrot 1982 ) . Other efforts to gaining control the kernel of a fractal include the undermentioned quotation marks:# 8220 ; Different people use the word fractal in different ways, but all agree that fractal objects contain constructions nested within one another like Chinese boxes or Russian dolls. # 8221 ; ( Kadanoff 1986 )# 8220 ; A fractal is a form made of parts similar to the whole in some way. # 8221 ; ( Mandelbrot 1982 ) Fractals are # 8230 ; # 8221 ; geometric signifiers whose irregular inside informations recur at different scales. # 8221 ; ( Horgan 1988 ) Fractals are # 8230 ; # 8221 ; curves and surfaces that live in an unusual kingdom between the first and 2nd, or between the 2nd and 3rd dimensions. # 8221 ; ( Thomsen 1982 ) One manner to specify the elusive fractal is to look at its features. A cardinal feature of fractals is that they are statistically self-similar ; it will look like itself at any graduated table. A statistically self-similar graduated table does non hold to look precisely like the original, but must look similar. An illustration of self-similarity is a caput of Brassica oleracea italica. Imagine keeping a caput of Brassica oleracea italica. Now break off a big floweret ; it looks similar to the whole caput. If you continue interrupting off smaller and smaller flowerets, you # 8217 ; ll see that each floweret is similar to the larger 1s and to the original. There is, nevertheless, a bound to how little you can travel before you lose the self- similarity. Another placing feature of fractals is they normally have a non- whole number dimension. The fractal dimension of an object is a step of space-filling ability and allows one to compare and categorise fractals ( Garcia 1991 ) . A consecutive line, for illustration, has the Euclidean dimension of 1 ; a plane has the dimension of 2. A really jaggy line, nevertheless, takes up more infinite than a consecutive line but less infinite so a solid plane, so it has a dimension between 1 and 2. For illustration, 1.56 is a fractal dimension. Most fractal dimensions in nature are about 0.2 to 0.3 greater than the Euclidian dimension ( Voss 1988 ) . Euclidian geometry and Newtonian natural philosophies have been profoundly frozen traditions in the scientific universe for 100s of old ages. Even though mathematicians every bit early as 1875 were puting the foundations that Mandelbrot used in his work, early mathematicians resisted the constructs of fractal geometry ( Garcia 1991 ) . If a construct did non suit within the boundaries of the recognized theories, it was dismissed as an exclusion. Much of the early work in fractal geometry by mathematicians met this destiny. Even though early scientists could see the abnormality of natural objects in the universe around them, they resisted the construct of fractals as a tool to depict the natural universe. They tried to coerce the natural universe to suit the theoretical account presented by Euclidean geometry and Newtonian natural philosophies. Yet we all know that # 8220 ; clouds are non domains, mountains are non cones, coastlines are non circles, and bark is non smooth, nor does lightning go in a consecutive line # 8221 ; ( Mandelbrot 1982 ) . The coming of the computing machine age, with its sophisticated artworks, played an of import function in the development and credence of fractal geometry as a valid new subject in the last two decennaries. Computer-generated images clearly show the relevancy of fractal geometry to nature ( Scheuring and Riedi 1994 ) . A computer- generated coastline or mountain scope demonstrates this relevancy. Once mathematicians and scientists were able to see graphical representations of fractal objects, they could see that the mathematical theory behind them was non capricious but really describes natural objects reasonably good. When explained and illustrated to most scientists and non-scientists likewise, fractal geometry and fractals make sense on an intuitive degree. Examples of fractal geometry in nature are coastlines, clouds, works roots, snowflakes, lightning, and mountain scopes. Fractal geometry has been used by many scientific disciplines in the last two decennaries ; natural philosophies, chemical science, weather forecasting, geology, mathematics, medical specialty, and biological science are merely a few. Understanding how landscape ecology influences population ecology has allowed population ecologists to derive new penetrations into their field. A dominant subject of landscape ecology is that the constellation of spacial mosaics influences a broad array of ecological phenomena ( Turner 1989 ) . Fractal geometry can be used to explicate connexions between populations and the landscape construction. Interpreting spacial and temporal graduated tables and motion tracts are two countries of population ecology that have benefited from the application of fractal geometry. Different tools are required in population ecology because the declaration or graduated table with which field informations should be gathered is attuned to the survey being ( Wiens et al. 1993 ) . Insect motions, like works root growing, follow a uninterrupted way that may be punctuated by Michigans but the tools required to mensurate this uninterrupted tract are really different. Plant motion is measured by detecting root growing through exposure, insect motion by tracking insects with flag arrangement, and carnal motion by utilizing tracking devices on larger animate beings ( Gautestad and Mysterud 1993, Shibusawa 1994, Wiens et Al. 1993 ) . Spatial and temporal graduated table are of import when mensurating the place scope of a population and when tracking carnal motion ( Gautestad and Mysterud 1993, Wiens et Al. 1993 ) . Animal waies have local, temporal, and scale-specific fluctuations in tortuousness ( Gautestad and Mysterud 1993 ) that are best described by fractal geometry. The function of insect motion besides required usage of the proper spacial or temporal graduated table. If excessively long of a clip interval is used to map the insect # 8217 ; s advancement, the sections will be excessively long and the elaboratenesss of the insect # 8217 ; s motions will be lost. The usage of really short intervals may make unreal interruptions in behavioural moves and might increase the sampling attempt required until it is unwieldy ( Wiens et al. 1993 ) . Movement tracts are one of the chief features influenced by the landscape. Motion tracts are influenced by the flora spots and spot boundaries ( Wiens et al. 1993 ) . Root warp in a growth works is similar to an carnal tract being changed by the landscape construction. Waies of carnal motion have fractal facets. In a continuously changing landscape, it is hard to specify the country of a coinage # 8217 ; s home ground ( Palmer 1992 ) . Application of fractal geometry has given new penetrations into carnal motion tracts. For illustration, carnal motion determines the place scope. Because carnal motion is greatly influenced by the fractal facet of the landscape, place scope is straight influenced by the landscape construction ( Gautestad and Mysterud 1993 ) . Animal motion is non random but greatly influenced by the landscape of the place scope of the animate being ( Gautestad and Mysterud 1993 ) . Structural complexness of the environment consequences in Byzantine animate being tracts ( Gautestad and Mysterud 1993 ) , which in bend lead to ragged place scope boundaries. Gautestad and Mysterud ( 1993 ) found that place scope can be more accurately described by its fractal belongingss than by the traditional area-related estimates. Since limit of place scope is a hard undertaking and place scope can # 8217 ; t be described in traditional units like square metres or square kilometres, they used fractal belongingss to better depict the place scope country as a composite country use form ( Gautestad and Mysterud 1993 ) . Fractals work good to depict place scope because as the sample of location observation additions, the overall form of Thursday e place secret plans takes the signifier of a statistical fractal ( Gautestad and Mysterud 1993 ) . Fractal dimensions are used to stand for the tracts of beetling motion because the fractal dimension of insect motion tracts may supply penetrations non available from absolute steps of pathway constellations ( Wiens et al. 1993 ) . Using fractal dimensions allowed ecologists to map the tract without making an unwieldy flood of information ( Wiens et al. 1993 ) . Insect behaviour such as forage, coupling, population distribution, predator- quarry interactions or community composing may be mechanisticly determined by the nature of the landscape. The spacial heterogeneousness in environmental characteristics or patchiness of a landscape will find how organisms can travel about ( Wiens et al. 1993 ) . As a beetle or an other insect walks along the land, it does non travel in a consecutive line. The beetle might walk along in a peculiar way looking for something to eat. It might go on in one way until it comes across a shrub or bush. It might travel around the shrub, or it might turn around and head back the manner it came. Its way seems to be random but is truly dictated by the construction of the landscape ( Wiens et al. 1993 ) . Another betterment in population ecology through the usage of fractal geometry is the mold of works root growing. Roots, which besides may look random, do non turn indiscriminately. Reproducing the fractal forms of root systems has greatly improved root growing theoretical accounts ( Shibusawa 1994 ) . Landscape ecologists have used fractal geometry extensively to derive new penetrations into their field. Landscape ecology explores the effects of the constellation of different sorts of environments on the distribution and motion of beings ( Palmer 1992 ) . Emphasis is on the flow or motion of being, cistrons, energy, and resources within complex agreements of ecosystems ( Milne 1988 ) . Landscapes exhibit non-Euclidean denseness and perimeter-to-area relationships and are therefore suitably described by fractals ( Milne 1988 ) . New penetrations on graduated table, increased apprehension of landscape constructions, and better landscape construction patterning are merely some of the additions from using fractal geometry. Troubles in describing and patterning spatially distributed ecosystems and landscapes include the natural spacial variableness of ecologically of import parametric quantities such as biomass, productiveness, dirt and hydrological features. Natural variableness is non changeless and depends to a great extent on spacial graduated table. Spatial heterogeneousness of a system at any graduated table will forestall the usage of simple point theoretical accounts ( Vedyushkin 1993 ) . Most landscapes exhibit forms intermediate between complete spacial independency and complete spacial dependance. Until the reaching of fractal geometry it was hard to pattern this intermediate degree of spacial dependance ( Palmer 1992, Milne 1988 ) . Landscapes present beings with heterogeneousness happening at a myriad of length graduated tables. Understanding and foretelling the effects of heterogeneousness may be enhanced when scale-dependent heterogeneousness is quantified utilizing fractal geometry ( Milne 1988 ) . Landscape ecologists normally assume that environmental heterogeneousness can be described by the form, figure, and distribution on homogenous landscape elements or spots. Heterogeneity can change as a map of spacial graduated table in landscapes. An illustration of this is a checker board. At a really little graduated table, a checker board is homogenous because one would remain in one square. At a somewhat larger graduated table, the checker board would look to be heterogenous since one would traverse the boundaries of the ruddy and black squares. At an even larger graduated table, one would return to homogeneousness because of the form of ruddy and black squares ( Palmer 1992 ) . An increased apprehension of the landscape structures consequences from utilizing the fractal attack in the field of distant detection of forest flora. Specific advantages include the ability to pull out information about spacial construction from remotely sensed informations and to utilize it in favoritism of these informations ; the compaction of this information to few values ; the ability to construe fractal dimension values in footings of factors, which determine concrete spacial construction ; and sufficient hardiness of fractal features ( Vedyushkin 1993 ) . Computer simulations of landscapes provide utile theoretical accounts for deriving new penetrations into the coexistence of species. Fake landscapes allow ecologists to research some of the effects of the geometrical constellation of environmental variableness for species coexistence and profusion ( Palmer 1992 ) . A statistically self-similar landscape is an abstraction but it allows an ecologist to theoretical account fluctuation in spacial dependance ( Palmer 1992 ) . Spatial variableness in the environment is an of import determiner of coexistence of rivals ( Palmer 1992 ) . Spatial variableness can be modeled by changing the landscape # 8217 ; s fractal dimension. The consequences of this computing machine simulation of species in a landscape show that an addition in the fractal dimension increases the figure of species per microsite and increases species habitat comprehensiveness. Other consequences show that environmental variableness allows the coexistence of species, lessenings beta diverseness, and increases landscape undersaturation ( Palmer 1992 ) . Increasing the fractal dimension of the landscape allows more species to be in a peculiar country and in the landscape as a whole ; nevertheless, highly high fractal dimensions cause fewer species to coexist on the landscape graduated table ( Palmer 1992 ) . Although many ecologists have found fractal geometry to be an highly utile tool, non all concur. Even scientists who have used fractal geometry in their research point out some of its defects. For illustration, Scheuring and Riedi ( 1994 ) province that # 8220 ; the failing of fractal and multifractal methods in ecological surveies is the fact that existent objects or their abstract projections ( e.g. , flora maps ) contain many different sorts of points, while fractal theory assumes that the natural ( or abstract ) objects are represented by points of the same kind. # 8221 ; Many scientists agree with Mandelbrot when he said that fractal geometry is the geometry of nature ( Voss 1988 ) , while other scientists think fractal geometry has no topographic point outside a computing machine simulation ( Shenker 1994 ) . In 1987, Simberloff et Al. argued that fractal geometry is useless for ecology because ecological forms are non fractals. In a paper called # 8220 ; Fractal Geometry Is Not the Geometry of Nature, # 8221 ; Shenker says that Mandelbrot # 8217 ; s theory of fractal geometry is invalid in the spacial kingdom because natural objects are non self-similar ( 1994 ) . Further, Shenker states that Mandelbrot # 8217 ; s theory is based on want and has no scientific footing at all. He conceded nevertheless that fractal geometry may work in the temporal part ( Shenker 1994 ) . The unfavorable judgment that fractal geometry is merely applicable to precisely self-similar objects is addressed by Palmer ( 1982 ) . Palmer ( 1982 ) points out that Mandelbrot # 8217 ; s early definition ( Mandelbrot 1977 ) does non advert self-similarity and therefore allows objects that exhibit any kind of fluctuation or abnormality on all spacial graduated tables of involvement to be considered fractals. Harmonizing to Shenker, fractals are eternal geometric procedures, and non geometrical signifiers ( 1994 ) , and are hence useless in depicting natural objects. This position is kindred to stating that we can # 8217 ; T usage Newtonian natural philosophies to pattern the way of a missile because the missile # 8217 ; s exact mass and speed are impossible to cognize at the same clip. Mass and speed, like fractals, are abstractions that allow us to understand and pull strings the natural and physical universe. Even though they are # 8220 ; merely # 8221 ; abstractions, they work rather good. The value of critics such as Shenker and Simberloff is that they force scientists to clearly understand their thoughts and premises about fractal geometry, but the critics go excessively far in demanding preciseness in an imprecise universe. With all the new penetrations and new cognition that have been gained through the appropriate application of fractal geometry to natural scientific disciplines, it is clear that is a utile and valid tool. The new penetrations gained from the application of fractal geometry to ecology include: understanding the importance of spacial and temporal graduated tables ; the relationship between landscape construction and motion tracts ; an increased apprehension of landscape constructions ; and the ability to more accurately theoretical account landscapes and ecosystems. One of the most valuable facets of fractal geometry, nevertheless, is the manner that it bridges the spread between ecologists of differing Fieldss. By supplying a common linguistic communication, fractal geometry allows ecologists to pass on and portion thoughts and constructs. As the information and computing machine age advancement, with better and faster computing machines, fractal geometry will go an even more of import tool for ecologists and life scientists. Some future applications of fractal geometry to ecology include clime mold, conditions anticipation, land direction, and the creative activity of unreal home grounds. Literature Cited Garcia, L. 1991. The Fractal Explorer. Dynamic Press. Santa Cruz. Gautestad, A. O. , Mysterud, I. 1993. Physical and biological mechanisms in animate being motion processes. Journal of Applied Ecology. 30:523-535. Horgan, J. 1988. Fractal Shorthand. Scientific American. 258 ( 2 ) :28. Kadanoff, L. P. 1986. Fractals: Where # 8217 ; s the natural philosophies? Physicss Today. 39:6-7. Mandelbrot, B. B. 1982. The Fractal Geometry of Nature. W. H. Freeman and Company. San Francisco. Mandelbrot, B. B. 1977. Fractals: Form, Chance, and Dimension. W. H. Freeman. New York. Milne, B. 1988. Measuring the Fractal Geometry of Landscapes. Applied mathematics and Computation. 27: 67-79. Palmer, M.W. 1992. The coexistence of species in fractal landscapes. Am. Nat. 139:375-397. Scheuring, I. and Riedi, R.H. 1994. Application of multifractals to the analysis of flora form. Journal of Vegetation Science. 5: 489-496. Shenker, O.R. 1994. Fractal Geometry is non the geometry of nature. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science. 25:6:967-981. Shibusawa, S. 1994. Modeling the ramification growing fractal form of the corn root system. Plant and Soil. 165: 339-347. Simberloff, D. , P. Betthet, V. Boy, S. H. Cousins, M.-J. Fortin, R. Goldburg, L. P. Lefkovitch, B. Ripley, B. Scherrer, and D. Tonkyn. 1987. Novel statistical analyses in tellurian carnal ecology: dirty informations and clean inquiries. pp. 559-572 in Developments in Numeric Ecology. P. Legendre and L. Legendre, eds. NATO ASI Series. Vol. G14. Springer, Berlin. Turner, M. G. 1989. Landscape ecology ; the consequence of form on procedure. Annual Rev. Ecological Syst. 20:171-197. Vedyushkin, M. A. 1993. Fractal belongingss of forest spacial construction. Vegetatio. 113: 65-70. Voss, R. F. 1988. Fractals in Nature: From Characterization to Simulation. pp. 21- 70. in The Science of Fractal Images. H.-O. Peitgen and D. Saupe, eds. Springer- Verlag, New York. Wiens, J. A. , Crist, T. O. , Milne, B. 1993. On quantifying insect motions. Environmental Entomology. 22 ( 4 ) : 709-715. Thomsen, D. E. 1980. Making music # 8211 ; Fractally. Science News. 117:187-190.

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

COMMUNITY CARE OF THE ELDERLY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

COMMUNITY CARE OF THE ELDERLY - Essay Example Insufficient basic care for the elderly, and the strains and anxieties of their care-givers are important issues in society. This topic is very relevant in societies all over the world today, where globalization and new technology find their way to. Due to scientific advancement in all fields, including medicine, the life expectancy of humans rises steadily, and the greying population is predicted to grow in proportion over the next few decades. It becomes imperative that problems which are unique to the aging and elderly should be dealt with, so that quality of life can be improved for the infirm and old, and also for their care-givers. This is reiterated by Belle, S.E; Rogers, M.(1999) who state that the ageing of the population presents both fiscal and health challenges; therefore it is incumbent upon our global society to create an environment that enables older adults to develop and maintain healthy life-styles and behaviours. THE EAST END OF GLASGOW: Ineichen (1993) states that Glasgow – described by a parliamentary committee in 1840 as a place where â€Å"penury, dirt, misery, drunkenness and crime culminate to a pitch unparalleled in Great Britain†- was probably the dirtiest and unhealthiest of all British cities. Fever was prevalent, and the population density was excessive. Because of squalor and overcrowding, diseases like malaria and typhus were not unknown. The buildings were crowded together, and the drainage system was poor. 1According to the BBC News aired on 4 August, 2002 9:25 U.K. the flood caused by rains and poorly functional sewers in the east end of Glasgow, resulted in hundreds of people losing their homes and hundreds being forced to spend the night in emergency accommodation. The aging sewer system of the east end of Glasgow had to be replaced in order to avoid similar national emergency situations from arising in the future. ELDERLY PEOPLE IN THE EAST END OF GLASGOW: An empirical study of old people in

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

What was the short term significance of the successful testing of the Coursework

What was the short term significance of the successful testing of the atomic bomb - Coursework Example Ever since the World War I, the world had been on the brink of a similar conflict and these fears manifested themselves in the form of the second Great War. The United States were involved in both conflicts indirectly, but the Pearl Harbour incident instantly brought them to forefront of the war. OVERVIEW The successful testing of nuclear bomb in the desert of New Mexico later culminated with the US finally dropping the bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Before the bombing, Truman described his predicament as he could not decide whether to ‘invade Japan proper or shall we Bomb and blockade’ (Truman, 1945). The stance on Japan had been very precarious from the start as they continued with their ruthless land grabbing behaviour; Truman was already in the process of considering all the options at hand to tackling with them. In his memoirs, Truman recalls that he had discussed the possibility of a full-scale invasion with his associates, but the United States wished to make a h eavy blow to Japanese, which would completely rule out the possibility of a fierce counterattack from them. Hence, it was decided that atomic bomb would be dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, which were considered to be the main military equipment manufacturing centre for the Japanese forces. CONSEQUENCES The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki ‘incinerated’ nearly 20,000 Japanese people. The casualties largely consisted of unarmed civilians, but the bombing was more strategic because most the arms factories were located in this district. Within a couple of hours, the cities were turned into ‘smelting hot furnace’ as described by a survivor of the atomic bomb, Hiroshi Morishita; a high school student at the time the bomb was dropped. The repercussions of the bomb were unspeakable as the people walked with their skin hanging and burnt; people died after vomiting blood or a black foam (Morishita, 2006). Therefore, the United States had achieved its goal of makin g a heavy blow on the Japanese as both cities were literally razed to the ground. The scale of disaster inflicted upon by the atomic was truly unprecedented that left thousands dead and millions injured. Survivors and Red Cross officials saw the break out of an epidemic as a result of the radiation; many of the illnesses and symptoms exhibited by the people seemed like the effects of X-ray overdose. The repercussions affected the following generations along with the reproductive cycle as men suffered from impotency and women began to have miscarriages (Hersey, 1994). However, on the United States’ part it was just a blatant ‘display of power’. Sherwin (1973) believed that the United States simply wanted to have a more intimidating facade on an international level and the destruction caused by the nuclear weapon was sufficient to underscore their point. The general masses feared the use of such weapons on a larger scale and other countries began a fierce nuclear a rms race in order to match up to the United States. It was the biggest gamble taken by the United States, for the experiment posed a major threat to the lives of the scientists. The country had invested nearly $2 Billion on this project and required manpower of 130,000 people; the success in the project Manhattan proved to be a milestone for the country (CBTO, 2010). The bombings marked the first time in history that a weapon of mass destruction was used that shook everyone and caused them to fear future conflicts that would involve the use of such weapons. It made everyone realize the need to regulate modern warfare; opening up new method of war that was not only restricted to the

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Descartes Existence of God Essay Example for Free

Descartes Existence of God Essay The existence of God has been a question since the idea of God was conceived. Descartes tries to prove Gods existence, to disprove his Evil demon theory, and to show that there is without a doubt something external to ones own existence. He is looking for a definite certainty, a foundation for which he can base all of his beliefs and know for a fact that they are true. Descartes overall project is to find a definite certainty on which he can base all his knowledge and beliefs. A foundation that he will be able to prove without a doubt. To find a definite certainty he uses a methodical doubt, this states that anything that could be doubted must be taken as false. This is done to find an absolute certainty for which to base all knowledge. Descartes develops his Evil Genius theory to bring doubt to all senses and hence making them false. The theory says that it is possible that there is someone (an evil genius) who is controlling our mind. If so we wouldnt be sure whether or not what we see was real or just a dream, therefore all of our senses would be doubtable and thus taken as false. This theory proves that nothing external is certain and must be proven false to continue his quest for truth and certainty. Descartes second meditation gives a definite certainty for which to use as his foundation to build his beliefs. Then his third meditation proves the existence of God and the external world, while disproving the evil genius theory. That definite certainty that cannot be doubted, is the fact that I exist. Whenever I utter or think I am I know this to be absolutely true, without doubt. From this definite foundation Descartes tries to prove that there is something external to the mind. So he states the law of casualty. This basically says that nothing can be created from nothing, and that the less perfect can not create something more perfect or better than itself. Then if there is an idea in our minds that we didnt create, something else created it. If God is more perfect than us, then we could not have created God but God created us. Descartes then wrote about the idea of God. He said that God is infinite and could not have been created by us because God is more perfect than us thus undoubtable and certain. The idea that God exists disproves the Evil Genius theory therefore proves the existence of an external world. Anslem and Descartes theories both prove that there is a God and they both use some similar ideas in their premises. For instance, they both rely on the faith that there is an idea of God; he is perfect and self evident. God could not have been conceived if there wasnt a God. Though, Descartes says that the less perfect can not create something more perfect or better than itself, and that we are less perfect than God therefore we could not have created God. So, this proves the existence of God and an external world. On the other hand, Anslem says Existence is greater than conception and nothing greater can be conceived then God. Therefore God must exist. In my opinion descatres has successfully proven the existence of God as well as one can because he started from the beginning and logically found a true foundation of beliefs and from there proved the existence of God and an external world. consequently making our senses less doubtable, and more certain.

Thursday, November 14, 2019

America’s Foreign Policy and the Cold War Essay -- American History Go

America’s Foreign Policy and the Cold War The role of America at the end of World War II was where the origins of policing the world originate. America had been engaged in a very costly war in terms of dollars as well as lives. But, despite the expense the United States came out of World War II better than any other nation that was involved. The Second World War was a battle between the Allied and Axis Powers. The Allied Powers consisted of the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, China, and France. This war was seen as the fight against Nazi Germany, and therefore resulted in a majority of the battles fought on German and Russian soil. The aftermath left the Soviet Union in bad shape. Close to twenty million Russians had died fighting the war, which accounted for about eight percent of their population. Conversely, none of the fighting was done on American soil, and while the United States suffered in terms of casualties it was nothing compared to the loss Russia had endured. Because the war would not end until t he Axis Powers fully surrendered to the Allied Powers, the United States was forced to use the first atomic warfare in history. The atom bomb would later serve as America's greatest possession. Stalin, the Premier of the Soviet Union had always distrusted the American and English intentions. Because of Stalin's aggression and attitude pertaining to Soviet influence on Europe, the postwar stance on Russia had turned into a standoff. This became the origin of the Cold War. The Cold War, seen as a battle between communism and capitalism, was "in reality a more complex struggle over a broad range of ideological, economic, and strategic issues." Over the next several years the United States would spend more money on military and defense than ever before. Several measures were taken to ensure that the same mistakes at the end of World War I would not be repeated. The first in a series of measures was a postwar conference involving President Truman and the Soviet Foreign Minister, V.M. Molokov, where Truman controlled the entire meeting and basically scolded the Soviet's for not honoring agreements on Poland. Truman "told the Russians just where the got off and generally bossed th e whole meeting." This symbolized America's strong-arm stance against communism and signified the position we would hold throughout the Cold War. The next ... ...rying to get across. Because he saw the country from the inside Kennan also believed the United Sates should " pursue a policy of firm containment†¦at every point where the Soviets show signs of encroaching upon the interest of a peaceful and stable world." This opinion and idea of the relationship between the United States and Russia should have been widely accepted by Americans. They backed this idea of aggressive behavior, rather than a passive approach to the Cold War. Conversely, postwar liberal such as Henry Wallace, "a Progressive Party leader, continued to seek cooperation with the Soviet Union and defended the participation of Communists in their organizations." These ideals were quickly silenced. The American majority, being extremely anti-communist, felt relations with the Soviet Union should be harsh and firm. This period introduced American dominance in foreign policy. The ideals of personal freedom and opportunity were the driving forces behind Western philos ophy throughout the Cold War. Not only were these principles showcased, they were set as the benchmark of equality for the human race. Bibliography: COMPTONS ENCYCLOPEDIA COLD WAR;1989 JAMES CORNWELL

Monday, November 11, 2019

The processing of information begins

The processing of information begins when energy as the idea of irritant reaches one or more of five senses of the human being. This contact takes place while physical approach to the irritant, which stirs to activity one or several senses. This idea demands from side, which executes communication, to choose those means of information transfer, personal or mass, which are able to embrace the target market. So, when a person contacts with quite strong stimulus, his sensory perceptions become more active, and coded information transfers to his brains via nerve fibers.This effect is called sensation, which is influenced by the following three threshold determinations: 1. The lower (or absolute) threshold: it means the minimum quantity of stimulating energy or intensity, which is necessary to form the sensation. 2. The Extreme threshold: the point, in which additional increasing of stimulus intensity doesn’t affect the sensation. 3. Differential threshold: the minimum change of ir ritant intensity, which can be noticed by human being (Dictionary of Marketing and Advertising, p. 74).Some researchers of buyer behavior think that intensity of the irritant should be at least at minimum (absolute) threshold in order to make some influence on a buyer. The other think that irritants which are below the absolute threshold can influence the buyer as well – so-called conception of subconscious persuasion. We know that our sensory detection abilities go into a decline when we are getting older, so it is interesting to find out a way marketers appeal to the elderly people.The other thing we need to take into consideration is that during the life we are getting used to different sensation, so we have to increase the level of absolute threshold to attract attention. So, what is attention, particularly? It can be determined as direction of cognitive resources to process the irritant. One of the main difficulties for commercial company is to make a consumer to focus a ttention on some definite information, which has to be reported. Due to some sources, average consumer looks through three hundred advertisements per day.Average TW viewer looks through more then one hundred TV ads. It is pity, but a lot of such materials cannot attract attention, which is necessary to make some influence. The same situation you can see in trading as well. There are from 18 till 20 thousand different types of consumer goods in assortment of typical supermarket. The main problem there is marking out of one item from plenty of analogs at the market shelf and attracting of consumer’s attention as well.The factors which influence distribution of consumer’s limited resources can be divided into two main groups: personal (individual) and factors which have concern to stimulus. Besides, some emotional conditions of personality are used in publicity, such as feeling of self-confidence, reliability, self-satisfaction, creative abilities of human being, objects of love, strength, family traditions, immortality, etc. The second group of factors is called determinants, which relay to stimulus, it means these are characteristics of stimulus.The can be controlled, it means somebody can manipulate by them in order to increase or decrease the attention. So, it means that they are used quite often by companies in their struggle for buyer attention (Consumer Behavior, pp. 103-105). Let’s examine some factors used in order to attract the buyer’s attention by the example of elderly people, taking into consideration their peculiarities we spoke about a page before. Size: To tell the truth, the stronger irritant is, the higher is a probability that it will attract attention.In case you enlarge the size of printed advertisement, you’ll increase chances to attract buyer’s attention. Probability that the object will be seen in the shop, depends on size or quantity of trade space for this definite item. This is mostly important for impulse shopping, where sale depends partially from the fact how many place is given for the item. As elderly people often have poor eyesight, it is important to take into account size of type – it should better be bigger, then letters, typed on the items which are aimed for younger people.Some pharmaceutical companies make medicines which mostly are used by elderly people and write information for these medicines by big letters, in order to see description clearly. Color is also one of important factors. Color advertisements can increase sale for 41% more, than their black and white analogs. Moreover, some colors can attract attention more, then the other. We can examine some meanings of colors here. Red color – color of determination, can arouse strong desire to make some deed, for example to buy some item.Orange color can add activity, but at the same time will give the feeling if internal balance and spiritual harmony. Yellow color inclines to communication. I t is the color of open mind and communication, at the same time it is able to provide the thing with intellect, so this is the reason that a lot of Hi-tech companies make their advertising in yellow color. Green is good in publicity of medicines, health centers. Pink increases the feelings, so it can be used in perfumery, goods for women and children, family centers etc.Blue is a color of peace and harmony, dark-blue – helps to concentrate at the very necessary. In 1959 Ris made a test (color Lusher test) in medical clinics of Leipzig University and tested 1000 people of different age, from children till elderly. He found that young people, especially in the age before 25, prefer red color. The elder people are, the more they like dark colors (Journal of Advertising, p. 15). Still, it is very difficult to influence attention of elderly people also because they due to their life experience can resist the publicity and advertising more then young people or children.LG Company m ade a mobile phone, which is specialized for elderly people. Marketers understand that it is quite difficult for elderly people to see small letters, press small buttons as well as learn new technologies. Still, the majority of elderly people prefer a basic number of functions – it means the idea â€Å"A telephone should be used to make calls only†, so LG made this telephone with elementary functions only. Big buttons and low price – are two factors by opinion of LG, which should satisfy demands of elderly. This model (LG NS1000) allows only making calls and receiving/sending SMS.Japan manufacturers of automobiles intend to start a new line of special automobiles for elderly people. As local Mass Media informs, such new and clever auto will help the driver to brake and to turn the wheel. They plan assembly-line production of such cars from the beginning of 2006. Auto will have numerous sensors and cameras, which can read all movements of hands, legs and eyes of driver and will determine mistakes in driving. At present time specialists analyze influence of age changes for physical reaction of driver and his ability to estimate situation on the road.In accordance with results a special computer program will be created to help elderly drivers. A prototype of new car is already developed, which will have speed till 60 km/h. The creators of new auto consider that this novelty will be of great success because of increasing quantity of elderly drivers in Japanese society. The cost of such a novelty will be approx. 9-13 thousand dollars. Now, let’s make the excursion to Austria, where one of the trading concerns makes an interesting experiment: this concern opened two supermarkets especially for elderly people.This experiment is interesting before all because representatives of the elder generation traditionally aren’t attractive group for retail trade: seems that they don’t have much money, and their demands are quite modestà ¢â‚¬ ¦ Still, almost in all European countries fast ageing of society takes place, and quantity of elderly people is increasing more and more†¦ So this supermarket in Vienna is a kind of test place, where technologies of servicing of quite specific client sphere, which is constantly increasing and becomes more important, take place.At the first sight, this is a very ordinary supermarket: long rows of shelves, relaxing music from dynamics†¦ But if you be attentive, you can notice some differences. For example, figures at the price-list: they are bigger, then usual. Some of shelves have magnifying glasses, in order the client will be able to see inscription at the goods, which are usually typed by small font. Besides, you can ask the cashier to give you glasses for reading.Just near the exit you can see a comfortable bench to have a rest, near it – the device to measure blood pressure. The cart for shopping has special hanger in order to put there a walking stick. The gangway between shelves is bigger then in usual supermarkets, and floor in the shop is made of special material, so legs don’t slide. Moreover, the shelves are made in such a special manner that elder person doesn’t have to bend down or stretch for goods he needs. All those novelties were highly appreciated by the clients.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Heatlhy Eating

Healthy eating and exercise will help in the prevention or maintenance of sugar levels thus lowering the chance of developing diabetes and/or other illnesses. A well balanced diet and regular exercise are important for a healthy lifestyle to avoid these health issues. There are certain benefits and important reasons for eating healthy. Eating healthy allows the body to operate more efficiently, so that the numbers of visits to the doctor’s office related to digestion or the lack there-of are kept to a minimum, and a better quality of life can be enjoyed. This paper will discuss the benefits of healthy eating, controlling diabetes and prevention of other diseases and illnesses. There are significant benefits of feeling better. For one, a healthy lifestyle promotes feeling better through exercise, and taking advantage of activities that are not regularly participated in, because of the way the body feels. Feeling better will also boost metabolism. This means the body does not feel tired and could potentially encourage a daily exercise plan. Exercising will get the cardiovascular, lungs and stigma pumping. This exercise plan could aid in the prevention of unwanted medication due to fatigue, being overweight and generally not feeling well. Just moving about and being active can work certain parts of the body. When the body feels good it releases adrenaline. Adrenaline helps with daily activities. Walking or running on a daily basis will provide the body with some kind of physical activity. Feeling better alone with healthy eating is a key essential to maintaining a healthy lifestyle. More than a decade ago, the U. S. Department of Agriculture created the Food Guide Pyramid. This simple illustration conveyed in a flash what the USDA said were the elements of a healthy diet. The Pyramid was taught in schools, appeared in countless media articles and brochures and was plastered on cereal boxes and food labels (Willett, 2000, 2005). From EAT, DRINK, AND BE HEALTHY by Walter C. Willett, M. D. Copyright  © 2001, 2005 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Reprinted by permission of Free Press/Simon & Schuster, Inc. The Healthy Eating Pyramid sits on a foundation of daily exercise and weight control. Why? These two related elements strongly influence ones chances of staying healthy. They also affect what and how you eat and how your food affects you. (Willett, 2001, 2005) Does the body need three meals and two snacks between meals daily? Well, listen to what the body says. One way to listen to the body is to stop eating when the stomach feels full. When the stomach feels full, do not continue to eat. Feeling stuffed will cause fatigue, a sluggish and tired feeling accompanied with feeling uncomfortable. Do not over eat; this could result in stretching the abdomen. â€Å"Eating healthy foods provides your body with energy, strengthens your immune system and improves your ability to stay fit† (Segal, 2000). Another reason eating healthy foods is essential is it provides the body with nutrients needed to maintain energy levels throughout the day. A person will feel better and have higher sustained energy levels that could last until evening or when it is time to retire for the day. Here are some suggestions that should be used to start eating healthy. They recommend to develop a routine meal plan for daily meals and snacks. First, learn to not skip meals especially breakfast; a balanced breakfast is recommended every morning. Providing the body with breakfast in the morning is like starting the motor of a car with a full tank of gas. If there is no gas in the tank, the car will not run. With a full tank of gas, the car is able to run for days. By providing the body with fuel in the morning, the body is started for the day. When planning a routine meal plan for eating healthy, think about if the body weight is normal. If the body weight is normal, three meals a day and two snacks between meals can be enjoyed everyday. Snacks can be enjoyed between meals if hunger is experienced. Some suggestions for eating healthy without piling on calories are to eat raw foods like salads combined with low fat dressings. Drink plenty of water to dilute toxins the body stores, which could leave a sluggish feeling. If drinking water is boring, natural fruit juices low in sugars can be substituted. Healthy eating can prevent certain types of diseases and high cholesterol. When shopping for food at the grocery store, purchase certain foods that are low in saturated fats, low fat or skim dairy products. Try to avoid a large amount of red meat. Purchase meat products that are high in protein and buy products that have some fiber in them. Foods that are high in saturated fats and cholesterol are known to cause blockage in the body arteries. When these arteries are blocked, the blockage will cut off the supply of blood to the heart. If the heart does not get the oxygen it needs, this will result in a heart attack. Dairy products such as milk, ice cream, butter and cooking ils are high in fats and should be given careful consideration when being purchased. The reasoning for not eating a large number of red meat products is because these meats are high in cholesterol and the body produces its own cholesterol. Cholesterol is found in our hormones and in bile acids for digestion purposes. When cholesterol is deposited into the body from the food we eat, the ch olesterol goes into the arteries that could result in a blockage of the arteries. The coronary arteries narrow with high cholesterol foods. A person can develop angina, or result in a heart attack. Foods we can eat to maintain a healthy body have carbohydrates low in total fat, non-dairy products, soy products, skinless chicken, fish e. g. salmon, cod, trout, and nuts. There are benefits to eating these types of foods. Eating these types will provide the body with the nutrients the body needs to stay healthy. Carbohydrates low in fat, reduce the amount of starch the body will absorb. These starches found in carbohydrates turn into certain sugars once it passes through the digestion track. Too much sugar in the body can be filtered into the blood. If there is a family history of diabetes, I would suggest being mindful of products purchased high in carbohydrate and sugars. This is why it is recommended to purchase products low in carbohydrates because as the body ages it unable to breakdown these products as effectively as it did when the body was younger. As the body ages, the body loses certain hormones that are not reproduced therefore compromising overall health. Sugars are measured with a glycemic index (GI). The glycemic index measures how fast carbohydrates are digested when it enters the bloodstream which raises the blood-sugar levels in the body. When foods with a low glycemic index enter the bloodstream the insulin trigger is slower contributing to a steadier blood sugar level. When foods have a higher glycemic index entering the blood stream quickly, it causes the insulin to respond more quickly resulting in large blood sugar swings. This is why it is so important to balance carbohydrates each meal since the effect of one food offsets the other, and all foods turn into sugars to fuel the body. Non-dairy products are recommended in practicing good choices for healthy eating. There are a couple of good reasons for purchasing non-dairy products. Non-dairy products are low fats. Non-dairy products provide the body with the benefit of getting some extra protein in the diet. An additional good product to include when making good quality choices for healthy eating is soy. There are many benefits for including soy in a daily diet routine. Soy is high in protein. Soy can be substituted for red meat. Soy comes in a variety of forms. Soymilk is a non-dairy product. Soy products can be purchased in hamburger, hot dog, sausage, bacon, buffalo wing and host of other forms. It is possible to find soy products in a grocery store. There are many different brand names to choose from. In some studies, soy has been known to reduce hot flashes in women during menopause. Soy products can be used with hormone replacement therapy. Skinless chicken is another product that is beneficial for healthy eating. Chicken also provides the body with protein. Removing the skin from the chicken is important for a couple of reasons. One reason for removing the skin is, so the body does not absorb all the fat that is stored in the skin. The fat from the skin contains and holds toxins that are not good for the body. These same fats produce starches and sugars in that could aid in blockages in the arteries over time. By simply removing the skin from the chicken that is one step forward in practicing good eating habits. Fish alone is good for the body. Fish has certain oils that aids in the production of a healthy heart alone with providing the body with good saturated fatty oils. If fish is not a favorite to eat, a supplement of fish oil caplets or pills can be included in a daily diet routine. Nuts are also an enormous source of nutrition with any diet plan. Nuts are an excellent source of protein, minerals and other nutrients found beneficial to the heart. According to the FDA in July, 2003, it is suggested that eating 1. 5 ounces of some nuts as part of a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol, may reduce the risk of heart disease. Six of the healthiest nuts to choose from are: walnuts that contain the antioxidant compound ellagic acid, which is known to fight cancer and support the immune system; almonds are rich in potassium, manganese, copper, the antioxidants vitamin E and selenium, and calcium. Just a quarter cup of almonds contains as much calcium as a quarter cup of milk. Cashews are lower in fat that other nuts and 90 % of the fat found in cashews is oleic acid, the heart-healthy fat found in olive oil. Eating three quarters a cup of pecans can help lower bad cholesterol (LDL) and help clear the arteries. Brazil nuts are rich in selenium which may help with breast cancer. Macadamia nuts are also a good source of protein, fiber, healthy monounsaturated fats, potassium and magnesium. These nuts are also shown to lower bad cholesterol (LDL) just as the pecans do. As with all daily routine diets, a good multivitamin is recommended. Even though this meal plan is a good choice for healthy eating, a multivitamin can be used in conjunction to maximize the benefits of healthy eating. There are a variety of multivitamins to choose from. Choose the multivitamin that best fits the body and lifestyle. Vitamins come in a host of categories. Vitamins can be purchased depending on the age of a person and other factors. For younger adults who are very active, a multivitamin choice may be a multivitamin with a higher percentage of B6 and B12 for energy. For older adults with a calcium deficiency a multivitamin high in calcium would be a good choice. Whatever the need, there is multivitamin suited for the body and all lifestyles. To ensure that the multivitamin being purchased is tailored for the body and lifestyle, check with a doctor or pharmacist for help in choosing a good multivitamin. Therefore, by following a basic guideline for healthy eating, the benefits of feeling better will be greater, and there will be fewer trips to the doctor’s office and a reduction in diseases and illnesses. A better quality of life can be enjoyed with a healthy diet and exercise. References Kemp, J (2001). Preventing and Healing heart disease. Healthy guide. org. Retrieved 01-07, 2009, from http://www. helpguide. org/life/healthy_eating_diet. htm Bray, G (1988). Partnership for a Healthy Management. Obesity Part 1 Pathogenesis, 149, Retrieved 01-07-2009, from http://www. consumer. gov/weightloss/bmi. htm Dorsey, J (2001). Diabetes diet and Nutrition. Healthy guide. org. Retrieved 01-07, 2009, from http://www. helpguide. org/life/healthy_eating_diet. htm. Segal, J (2001). Healthy Eating: Tips for a healthy diet. Healthy guide. org. Retrieved 01-07, 2009, from http://www. helpguide. org/life/healthy_eating_diet. htm Willett, W (1988). Eat. Drink, and be Healthy. Free Press/Simon & Schuster, Inc. , Retrieved 01-07-2009, from http://www. hsph. harvard. edu/nutritionsource/pyramids. htm Chordas, L. (Dec 2008). One life to live: employers extend retirees' wellness programs and benefits in order to trim rising health care costs. (Health/Employee Benefits: Wellness Programs). Best's Review, 109, 8. P. 48(4). Retrieved January 07, 2009, from General OneFile via Gale: http://find. galegroup. com/ips/start. o? prodId=IPS Stengler, M. (2008, November). Spotlight on diabetes. Alive: Canadian Journal of Health & Nutrition, Retrieved January 7, 2009, from Alt HealthWatch database. Wedro, B. C. (2009). Heart Disease. 2009 MedicineNet, Inc. Retrieved January 16, 2009, from http://www. medicinenet. com/heart_disease/article. htm Wells, K. & Odle, T(2005). Exercise. In Jacqueline Longe (Ed. ), Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Me dicine, Vol. 2(2nd ed. , pp. 722-726). Detroit: Gale. Retrieved January 07, 2009, from Gale Virtual Reference Library via Gale: http://find. galegroup. om/ips/start. do? prodId=IPS Active People Can Make Mistakes Too – In Their Diet That Is; American Council on Exercise (ACE) Lists Top Nutrition Mistakes Made by Active People. (Nov 9, 2004). PR Newswire, p. NA. Retrieved January 07, 2009, from General OneFile via Gale: http://find. galegroup. com/ips/start. do? prodId=IPS Ask Dr. Sears Family Nutrition/Sugar Retrieved on 1-25-2009 http://www. askdrsears. com/html/4/T045000. asp#T045005 Barrie – Advance,1 (2008, November 10) Healthy workplaces recognized Retrieved January 07, 2009, from Canadian Newsstand Torstar database. Document ID: 1592924671). Partnership for healthy weight management- Body mass index. Retrieved January 16, 2009, from Nursing Standard, 23(10), 17(2008) Upward mobility in the workplace encourages healthy lifestyles Retrieved January 7, 2009, from Ca reer and Technical Education database. (Document ID: 1599494081). Six wise. If You are Nuts About Health, Try the Top 6 Healthiest Nuts. Retrieved 01-25, 2009http://www. sixwise. com/newsletters/05/06/29/if_you_are_nuts_about_health_try_the_top_6_healthiest_nuts. htm

Thursday, November 7, 2019

Biology of diseases Essays

Biology of diseases Essays Biology of diseases Essay Biology of diseases Essay Introduction Brian, age 52, is an old instructor, experiencing unwell for several months. Presented, He had non been kiping at all good, frequently acquiring up in the dark to urinate, and was experiencing highly fatigued and besides noticed that his mortise joints seemed conceited. Blood and urine trial revealed that Brian was enduring from nephrotic syndrome. Further nephritic biopsy is done and cellular pathology study is need to be diagnosed the chief cause of Brian symptoms. In this study we are traveling to discourse, how kidney disease can be progressive, taking to end-stage nephritic disease and the Current methods to name kidney disease and, in peculiar, progressive kidney disease, include supervising piss for elevated protein degrees and carry oning nephritic biopsies and available interventions for kidney disease, specifically progressive kidney disease. ( 1,14 ) The presence of nephrotic-range albuminurias, hydrops, lipemia, and hypoalbuminemia is defined as nephrotic syndrome. ( 7 ) Excessive protein elimination ( 3.5g or more ) characterizes nephrotic scope albuminuria. ( 7,9,14 ) A aggregation of clinical findings which is a consequence of monolithic nephritic losingss of protein is called nephrotic syndrome, which is non a disease, but manifestation of different glomerular diseases. ( 7,17,22 ) If kidney harm is advanced, waste merchandises such as creatinine and urea N may construct up in the blood. ( 4,9 ) Proteinuria and Hypoalbuminemia, with plasma albumens degree less than 3gm/dl and hydrops of the mortise joints suggest the clinical characteristic that reveals Brian is enduring with nephrotic syndrome. ( 1,7,22 ) Additionally biopsy and the cellular pathology findings as showed in Fig 1 and Fig 2 revealed membranous glomerulonephritis. In grownup s membranous glomerulonephritis histories for about 30 % of the instances of nephrotic syndrome, ( 1,7,11 ) which is diagnosed by nephritic biopsy and seen by light microscopy with H A ; E staining demoing the thickener of the glomerular cellar membrane walls with some glomeruli wholly sclerosed, is the basic alteration in membranous glomerulonephritis which are both scattered and unvarying and accompanied small in the manner of cellular proliferation. ( 1,7 ) , The presence of spikes along the cellar membrane in the presence of argyrophilic stuff projecting out from the glomerular cellar membrane towards the epithelial infinite is indicated by Ag staining. Intense thickener of the glomerular capillary walls occur if the disease farther progresses unsteadily, utilizing anadiplosis of the glomerular cellar membrane. ( 7,11,14 ) The presences of electron-dense immune composite s sedimentations are revealed by negatron microscopy. Which farther on immunofluorescence are foun d to incorporate IgG which is normally accompanied by C3 in a typical farinaceous form demarcate the glomerular cellar membrane. In similar advanced conditions, the strength of IgG staining may be moderated. ( 8,18 ) The analysis of Immunoglobulin G subclass is of import in placing membrane glomerulonephritis underlying the anti-glomerular cellar membrane disease. ( 19 ) 60 % of persons with membranous glomerulonephritis show proteinuria conserves of which merely 40 % suffer from this disease which terminates to renal failure after 2 to 20 old ages. ( 7,22 ) Fractional or comprehensive decrease of albuminuria with auxiliary benign class is seen in 10 % to 30 % of persons. Persons between the ages of 30 to 50 old ages are more at the hazard of developing the disease, as it bit by bit progresses with no known cause. ( 7 ) Membrane glomerulonephritis is a signifier of chronic immune complex Brights disease. It is an autoimmune disease. Chronic nephritic failure is accounted in a big per centum of patients by glomerulonephritis, which is most often known as nephrotic syndrome and sometimes as symptomless albuminuria with or without the presence of high blood pressure. ( 11,14 ) It is a taking cause of nephrotic syndrome in grownups. Figure 3. Possible Mechanisms of the Formation of Subepithelial Deposits in Experimental Models and Patients with, Membranous Nephropathy. ( 24 ) Antibodies and glomerular sedimentations of Ig prompt membranous glomerulonephritis. ( 19 ) Injury ensuing from deposition of soluble go arounding antigen-antibody composites in the glomerulus and hurt by antibodies responding in situ within the glomerulus, either with indissoluble fixed glomerular antigen or with molecule planted within the glomerulus can set up hurt associated with antibody. ( 8 ) In add-on glomerular hurt can be caused by antibodies directed against glomerular cell constituents. In the membranous glomerulonephritis, the mark of hurt is the glomerular splanchnic epithelial cell or podocyte which is a extremely specialised and significantly differentiated cell that rests on the exterior of the glomerular cellar membrane. ( 7, 8,18 ) Further, albuminuria follows the formation of sub epithelial sedimentations, which is linked by podocyte flattening and effacement. With the transition of clip, addition in the accretion of extracellular matrix protein synthesis by podoc ytes causes inspissating of glomerular cellar membrane. ( 7,14 ) Scientists have focused on the theoretical accounts of rats for inactive Heymann Brights disease to develop specific therapy for membranous glomerulonephritis. ( 20 ) ( Resembles human disease ) Membranous glomerulonephritis is an immune-mediated disease as the first country of hunt was to place the antigen responsible for the membranous lesion was suggested to researches by presence of sub epithelial sedimentations. ( 1, 14 ) A 2nd major country of research has been recognized that antibody adhering to the membranous antigen activates complement, taking to the interpolation of C5b-9 ( membrane onslaught composite ) into the podocyte plasma membrane. ( 8,19 ) Over the past 10 old ages surveies it has been clearly documented the critical function for C5b-9-induced podocyte hurt taking to the development of albuminuria. ( 9 ) The mechanisms underlying the podocyte response to C5b-9 hurt, which include hypertrophy, matrix production, and the care of a well-differentiated and inactive phenotype, to find how these events translate into albuminurias and progressive glomerulosclerosis is the 3rd country of research. ( 9,18,14 ) This survey provides farther penetrations into the complexnesss of C5b-9-induced hurt to podocytes, and besides into the pathogenesis of membranous glomerulonephritis. The constituents of the nephrotic syndrome bear a logical relationship to one another. Increased permeableness to plasma proteins is the effect of disorganization in the capillary walls of the glomeruli, proteins flight from the plasma into the glomerular filtrate by increased permeableness ensuing from their structural or physiochemical changes. ( 7, 22 ) Figure 4. Overview of pathophysiology of edema formation in nephrotic syndrome ( 25 ) Due to the fact that Brian had long hours standing occupation he developed reduced serum albumen, which resulted in hypoalbuminemia. Hypoalbuminemia and primary keeping of salt and H2O by the kidney consequence from bead in plasma colloid osmotic force per unit area, is the generalised hydrops of the nephrotic syndrome. ( 1, 7 ) As fluid escapes the vascular tree into the tissues there is an associated bead in the plasma volume, with lessened glomerular filtration. ( 7 ) The cause of membranous glomerulonephritis is idiopathic. Often, separating between idiopathic and secondary causes is non possible based on clinical grounds entirely, 85 % of instances of membranous glomerulonephritis is idiopathic. ( 14 ) Lupus and hepatitis, attendant mesangial or subendothelial sedimentations may be present in secondary membranous glomerulonephritis including infections like hepatitis B, pox, bilharzia, malaria, malignant tumours peculiarly carcinoma of the lung and colon melanoma every bit good as exposure to inorganic salts ( gold, quicksilver ) and drugs like penicilamine, caporal, no steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. ( 7,21 ) Available interventions for kidney disease, specifically progressive kidney disease, include the usage of steroids, alkylating agents and cyclosporine. ( 15 ) This intervention is controversial because of the variable class of the disease, the overall effectivity of corticoids and other immunosuppressive therapy in commanding the advancement of the disease has been hard to measure. ( 15, 21 ) The above mentioned diagnostic methods frequently are unequal since important harm to the kidney can happen prior to diagnosing. ( 1 ) The above mentioned interventions often are unsuccessful in holding the patterned advance of kidney disease and, hence, unsatisfactory, since they frequently are accompanied by inauspicious side effects, such as cellular and systemic toxicity. The methods described here in aid for naming, handling, holding the patterned advan ce and cut downing the badness of kidney disease in a human. ( 7,15 ) The methods provide an effectual mode to handle kidney disease and, finally, prevent end-stage nephritic disease. Successful intervention of the implicit in cause may be healing as a low-salt diet is a cardinal to cut downing anasarca. ( 21 ) Protein limitations may or may non be utile in cut downing the rate of patterned advance of chronic nephritic failure. Diuretic drugs help in commanding hydrops particularly Loop water pills are most frequently used. NSAIDs aid to diminish the albuminuria and have been mostly supplanted by angiotensin-converting enzyme ( ACE ) inhibitors and angiotonin II receptor blockers ( ARBs ) . ACE inhibitors decrease albuminurias and command high blood pressure ; ARBs are used for patients intolerant of ACE inhibitors. ( 15 ) Hepatic 3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibitors help in handling hypercholesteremia. ( 21 ) Routine anticoagulation is controversial as anticoagulation is by and large continued indefinitely and Antivirals may be utile in hepatitis-associated membranous kidney disease. ( 15,21, ) A younger patient presented with similar symptoms but no abnormalcies were shown with the light microscope, the glomeruli seem normal. No staining were found utilizing immunohistochemistry. Proximal convoluted tubules are loaded to a great extent with droplets of proteins and lipoids, but this is secondary to the cannular resorption go throughing through the glomeruli of the lipoproteins. When it is placed under negatron microscope its shows the uniform and spread effacement of the pes processes of the podocytes. ( 7,23 ) The cytol appears flattened of the podocytes over the external facets of the glomerular cellar membrane, pulverizing the nexus of the arcades between the glomerular cellar membrane and the podocytes. Therefore, electron microscope revealed minimal-changed disease. Minimal alteration disease is one of the common causes of nephrotic syndrome, the name is given to the infection that follows on from heavy escape of protein into the piss. It may develop at any age but it is most common between ages 1 and 7 old ages. ( 7 ) Minimal alteration disease normally responds good to intervention with high doses of Pediapred. ( 15,21 ) This frequently discontinues the protein leak within yearss or hebdomads, although it may take longer in grownups. The dosage of steroids is so bit by bit reduced. Decision This study has presented grounds to back up the impression that when nephritic map is impeded due to conditions such as membranous glomerulonephritis, early intervention steps must be implemented to forestall nephritic failure. Corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive therapies were employed to get the better of the nephritic disfunction and stabilise the patient. ( 15,21 ) If these steps were non taken, nephritic disfunction may go on to deteriorate and ensue in inauspicious nephritic disease. This syndrome has been identified as a status that may finally take autoimmune conditions ( Systemic lupus erythematosus SLE ) . ( 15 ) Bibliography: 1. Cattran, C ( 2001 ) Idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis , Kidney International, 59, pp:1983-1994 2. Couser WG. Pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 1993 ; 44: S19-S26 3. Deschenes, G. Feraille, E. Doucet, A. ( 2003 ) Mechanisms Of Oedema In Nephrotic Syndrome: Old Theories And New Ideas , Nephrology Dialysis Transplant, 18 ( 3 ) , Pp: 454-456. 4. Black, R. ( 2006 ) Clinical Problems In Nephrology. New York: Small, Brown And Company. 5. Lennon, R. Watson, L. Webb, N ( 2009 ) Nephrotic Syndrome In Children , Peadiatrics And Child Health, 20 ( 1 ) , Pp:35-42. 6. Mckinney, P, A. Feltbower, R, G. Brockelbank, J. ( 2001 ) Time Trends And Ethnic Patterns Of Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome In Yorkshire, UK , Paediatric Nephrology, California: INPA16. Pp: 1040-1044. 7. Kumar, V. Abbas, A. Fausto, N. Aster, J, C. ( 2010 ) Robins And Cotran Pathological Basis Of Disease. 8th Edition. Philadelphia: Saunders 8. Mclean, R. Micheal, A. Roy, L, P. ( 1973 ) Immunological Aspects of the Nephrotic Syndrome , Kidney International, Minnesota, 3.pp:105-115. 9. Chinar, F, P. Lauson, H, D. ( 1953 ) A Study Of The Mechanism Of Proteinuria In Patients With The Nephrotic Syndrome , The Hospital Rockfeller Institute For Medical Research.Pp:621-629. 10. Jiang, X. Ke Pana, Li Lin B, Gui-Fang Wang. ( 2009 ) Nephrotic Syndrome And Pulmonary Artery Thrombosis , Respiratory Medicine CME. pp:48-50 11. Ponticelli, C ( 2007 ) Membranous nephropathy , JNephrol, 20, pp:268-286. 12. Monetary value, S, A. Wilson, L, M ( 1997 ) Pathophysiology.5TH Edition. Show me state: Mosby. 13. 14. Wasserstein, A, G. ( 1997 ) Membranous Glomerulonephritis , Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, pp:66-676. 15. Waldman, M ( 2007 ) Adult Minimal-Change Disease: Clinical Features, Treatment, and Outcomes , Journal of the American Society of Nephrology,2, pp:445-453. 16. MacTIER, R. ( 1986 ) The Natural History of Membranous Nephropathy in the West of Scotland , Quarterly Journal of Medicine,232, pp:793-802. 17. Porth, C, M. ( 2009 ) Pathophysiology. 8TH Edition. Philadelphia: Lipponcott And Wilkins. 18. Couser WG. Mechanisms of glomerular hurt in immune complex glomerulonephritis ( Nephrology Forum ) . Kidney Int 1985 ; 28: 569-583 19. Salant DJ, Natori Y, Shimizu F. Glomerular hurt due to antibody entirely. ( Chapter 17 ) In: Nielson EG, Couser WG, eds Immunologic nephritic diseases. Philadelphia, PA, Lippincott-Raven Publishers, 1977 ; 357-374 20. Mendrick DL, Rennke HG, I. Initiation of albuminuria in the rat by a monoclonal antibody against SPG-115-107. Kidney Int 1988 ; 33: 818-830 21. Baliga, R. , et al. , Oxidant Mechanisms in Toxic Acute Renal Failure, Drug Metabolism Reviews 31 ( 4 ) :971-991 ( 1999 ) . 22. Matfin.G, et Al, 2009, pathophysiology constructs of altered wellness position, ( 8 ) , Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, page no: 843-845 23. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.edren.org/pages/edreninfo/minimal-change-disease.php 24. www.analesdemedicina.com/autoinmunidad/notici 25. www.nature.com/ /v62/n4/fig_tab/4493234f2.html

Monday, November 4, 2019

Critique of a Research Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Critique of a Research Report - Essay Example Substantive and Theoretical Dimension: The relocation of patients is a serious issue that causes different impacts on residents and their families. Also, the relocation of patients causes changes in clinical outcomes, influencing the perceptions of residents in a negative manner. This is a crucial issue that must be addressed by nursing home administrators. A large number of residents rely on nursing home facilities to treat critical health conditions. Their relocation to other facilities greatly impact their perceptions and thoughts towards nursing home facilities (Loiselle, McGrath, Polit, & Beck, 2010). But in this study, the researchers have not pinpointed any clear significant importance of the study, nor have they backed up this weakness with a justification. â€Å"A framework is the overall conceptual underpinnings of a study. Not every study is based on a theory or model, but every study has a framework – a theoretical rationale† (Loiselle & McGrath, 2011, pg. 1 29). The conceptual framework of this study is based on the views of residents who have experienced nursing home relocation and changes in clinical system. ... The research question and adopted method is well balanced, as the study aims to explore the impact of nursing home relocation on residents and families. To this end, the authors have robustly examined the sample taken from the 120 residents of a nursing home. However, it is apparent that the researchers have not alluded to any relevant theory that could have assisted their understanding in general outcomes of relocation decisions (Loiselle, McGrath, Polit, & Beck, 2010). However, other nursing articles demonstrate that the theoretical frameworks of the researches are primarily based on grounded theory methodology. Defined as a type of study that focuses on an evolving social experience- the social and psychological stages and phases that characterize a particular event or episode (Loiselle & McGrath, 2011, pg. 44). For instance, Yeboah (2009) study clearly shows that grounded theory was used to derive out another relevant theory in order, to study the relationship between relocation to nursing homes and its impact on the residents. Similarly, Meleis (2010) study shows that transition theory has been derive out through grounded theory methodology in order, to study the bond between transition event and nursing perceptions. Additionally, the studies including books and journals used by Hoffman, Capezuti and Norman seem quite relevant and useful as a number of nursing studies have been used as a reference. But, critically it has observed that authors have not aimed to overcome the shortcomings of the previous studies closely related to the subject matter. Although it is considered important to highlight the weaknesses of previous studies and then present a new one with advancements and improvements (Loiselle & McGrath, 2011) it is not totally incorrect

Saturday, November 2, 2019

President Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

President - Assignment Example The cuts and spending are provided in the succeeding section. There should be a reduction in international affairs by 15%. Spending on general government, natural resources and environment, energy, veterans’ benefits, and general science should also be reduced by 15%, 15%, 10%, 2.5% and 20% respectively. On the other hand, I propose a 20% increase in spending on military operations. Additionally, transportation, education, health, and administration of justice should each have a 5 percent increase in spending. Lastly, community and regional development should have a 2.5% increase in spending. The budget deficit will be $199 billion hence an improvement in the capacity of the country to meet its budgeting demands. An increase in spending on defense will ensure that the country’s security situation is enhanced. Terrorists especially the al Qaeda group have been targeting the country for a very long time. There will also be an improvement in infrastructure, quality of employee skills, health, distribution of national resources, and administration of justice as a result of the increased spending in the respective areas. On the other hand, the hand will experience strained relationships with developing nations as a result of reduced spending on international