Descartes Existence of God Essay Example for Free

Descartes Existence of God Essay The existence of God has been a question since the idea of God was conceived. Descartes tries to prove Gods existence, to disprove his Evil demon theory, and to show that there is without a doubt something external to ones own existence. He is looking for a definite certainty, a foundation for which he can base all of his beliefs and know for a fact that they are true. Descartes overall project is to find a definite certainty on which he can base all his knowledge and beliefs. A foundation that he will be able to prove without a doubt. To find a definite certainty he uses a methodical doubt, this states that anything that could be doubted must be taken as false. This is done to find an absolute certainty for which to base all knowledge. Descartes develops his Evil Genius theory to bring doubt to all senses and hence making them false. The theory says that it is possible that there is someone (an evil genius) who is controlling our mind. If so we wouldnt be sure whether or not what we see was real or just a dream, therefore all of our senses would be doubtable and thus taken as false. This theory proves that nothing external is certain and must be proven false to continue his quest for truth and certainty. Descartes second meditation gives a definite certainty for which to use as his foundation to build his beliefs. Then his third meditation proves the existence of God and the external world, while disproving the evil genius theory. That definite certainty that cannot be doubted, is the fact that I exist. Whenever I utter or think I am I know this to be absolutely true, without doubt. From this definite foundation Descartes tries to prove that there is something external to the mind. So he states the law of casualty. This basically says that nothing can be created from nothing, and that the less perfect can not create something more perfect or better than itself. Then if there is an idea in our minds that we didnt create, something else created it. If God is more perfect than us, then we could not have created God but God created us. Descartes then wrote about the idea of God. He said that God is infinite and could not have been created by us because God is more perfect than us thus undoubtable and certain. The idea that God exists disproves the Evil Genius theory therefore proves the existence of an external world. Anslem and Descartes theories both prove that there is a God and they both use some similar ideas in their premises. For instance, they both rely on the faith that there is an idea of God; he is perfect and self evident. God could not have been conceived if there wasnt a God. Though, Descartes says that the less perfect can not create something more perfect or better than itself, and that we are less perfect than God therefore we could not have created God. So, this proves the existence of God and an external world. On the other hand, Anslem says Existence is greater than conception and nothing greater can be conceived then God. Therefore God must exist. In my opinion descatres has successfully proven the existence of God as well as one can because he started from the beginning and logically found a true foundation of beliefs and from there proved the existence of God and an external world. consequently making our senses less doubtable, and more certain.

America’s Foreign Policy and the Cold War Essay -- American History Go

America’s Foreign Policy and the Cold War The role of America at the end of World War II was where the origins of policing the world originate. America had been engaged in a very costly war in terms of dollars as well as lives. But, despite the expense the United States came out of World War II better than any other nation that was involved. The Second World War was a battle between the Allied and Axis Powers. The Allied Powers consisted of the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, China, and France. This war was seen as the fight against Nazi Germany, and therefore resulted in a majority of the battles fought on German and Russian soil. The aftermath left the Soviet Union in bad shape. Close to twenty million Russians had died fighting the war, which accounted for about eight percent of their population. Conversely, none of the fighting was done on American soil, and while the United States suffered in terms of casualties it was nothing compared to the loss Russia had endured. Because the war would not end until t he Axis Powers fully surrendered to the Allied Powers, the United States was forced to use the first atomic warfare in history. The atom bomb would later serve as America's greatest possession. Stalin, the Premier of the Soviet Union had always distrusted the American and English intentions. Because of Stalin's aggression and attitude pertaining to Soviet influence on Europe, the postwar stance on Russia had turned into a standoff. This became the origin of the Cold War. The Cold War, seen as a battle between communism and capitalism, was "in reality a more complex struggle over a broad range of ideological, economic, and strategic issues." Over the next several years the United States would spend more money on military and defense than ever before. Several measures were taken to ensure that the same mistakes at the end of World War I would not be repeated. The first in a series of measures was a postwar conference involving President Truman and the Soviet Foreign Minister, V.M. Molokov, where Truman controlled the entire meeting and basically scolded the Soviet's for not honoring agreements on Poland. Truman "told the Russians just where the got off and generally bossed th e whole meeting." This symbolized America's strong-arm stance against communism and signified the position we would hold throughout the Cold War. The next ... ...rying to get across. Because he saw the country from the inside Kennan also believed the United Sates should " pursue a policy of firm containment†¦at every point where the Soviets show signs of encroaching upon the interest of a peaceful and stable world." This opinion and idea of the relationship between the United States and Russia should have been widely accepted by Americans. They backed this idea of aggressive behavior, rather than a passive approach to the Cold War. Conversely, postwar liberal such as Henry Wallace, "a Progressive Party leader, continued to seek cooperation with the Soviet Union and defended the participation of Communists in their organizations." These ideals were quickly silenced. The American majority, being extremely anti-communist, felt relations with the Soviet Union should be harsh and firm. This period introduced American dominance in foreign policy. The ideals of personal freedom and opportunity were the driving forces behind Western philos ophy throughout the Cold War. Not only were these principles showcased, they were set as the benchmark of equality for the human race. Bibliography: COMPTONS ENCYCLOPEDIA COLD WAR;1989 JAMES CORNWELL

The processing of information begins

The processing of information begins when energy as the idea of irritant reaches one or more of five senses of the human being. This contact takes place while physical approach to the irritant, which stirs to activity one or several senses. This idea demands from side, which executes communication, to choose those means of information transfer, personal or mass, which are able to embrace the target market. So, when a person contacts with quite strong stimulus, his sensory perceptions become more active, and coded information transfers to his brains via nerve fibers.This effect is called sensation, which is influenced by the following three threshold determinations: 1. The lower (or absolute) threshold: it means the minimum quantity of stimulating energy or intensity, which is necessary to form the sensation. 2. The Extreme threshold: the point, in which additional increasing of stimulus intensity doesn’t affect the sensation. 3. Differential threshold: the minimum change of ir ritant intensity, which can be noticed by human being (Dictionary of Marketing and Advertising, p. 74).Some researchers of buyer behavior think that intensity of the irritant should be at least at minimum (absolute) threshold in order to make some influence on a buyer. The other think that irritants which are below the absolute threshold can influence the buyer as well – so-called conception of subconscious persuasion. We know that our sensory detection abilities go into a decline when we are getting older, so it is interesting to find out a way marketers appeal to the elderly people.The other thing we need to take into consideration is that during the life we are getting used to different sensation, so we have to increase the level of absolute threshold to attract attention. So, what is attention, particularly? It can be determined as direction of cognitive resources to process the irritant. One of the main difficulties for commercial company is to make a consumer to focus a ttention on some definite information, which has to be reported. Due to some sources, average consumer looks through three hundred advertisements per day.Average TW viewer looks through more then one hundred TV ads. It is pity, but a lot of such materials cannot attract attention, which is necessary to make some influence. The same situation you can see in trading as well. There are from 18 till 20 thousand different types of consumer goods in assortment of typical supermarket. The main problem there is marking out of one item from plenty of analogs at the market shelf and attracting of consumer’s attention as well.The factors which influence distribution of consumer’s limited resources can be divided into two main groups: personal (individual) and factors which have concern to stimulus. Besides, some emotional conditions of personality are used in publicity, such as feeling of self-confidence, reliability, self-satisfaction, creative abilities of human being, objects of love, strength, family traditions, immortality, etc. The second group of factors is called determinants, which relay to stimulus, it means these are characteristics of stimulus.The can be controlled, it means somebody can manipulate by them in order to increase or decrease the attention. So, it means that they are used quite often by companies in their struggle for buyer attention (Consumer Behavior, pp. 103-105). Let’s examine some factors used in order to attract the buyer’s attention by the example of elderly people, taking into consideration their peculiarities we spoke about a page before. Size: To tell the truth, the stronger irritant is, the higher is a probability that it will attract attention.In case you enlarge the size of printed advertisement, you’ll increase chances to attract buyer’s attention. Probability that the object will be seen in the shop, depends on size or quantity of trade space for this definite item. This is mostly important for impulse shopping, where sale depends partially from the fact how many place is given for the item. As elderly people often have poor eyesight, it is important to take into account size of type – it should better be bigger, then letters, typed on the items which are aimed for younger people.Some pharmaceutical companies make medicines which mostly are used by elderly people and write information for these medicines by big letters, in order to see description clearly. Color is also one of important factors. Color advertisements can increase sale for 41% more, than their black and white analogs. Moreover, some colors can attract attention more, then the other. We can examine some meanings of colors here. Red color – color of determination, can arouse strong desire to make some deed, for example to buy some item.Orange color can add activity, but at the same time will give the feeling if internal balance and spiritual harmony. Yellow color inclines to communication. I t is the color of open mind and communication, at the same time it is able to provide the thing with intellect, so this is the reason that a lot of Hi-tech companies make their advertising in yellow color. Green is good in publicity of medicines, health centers. Pink increases the feelings, so it can be used in perfumery, goods for women and children, family centers etc.Blue is a color of peace and harmony, dark-blue – helps to concentrate at the very necessary. In 1959 Ris made a test (color Lusher test) in medical clinics of Leipzig University and tested 1000 people of different age, from children till elderly. He found that young people, especially in the age before 25, prefer red color. The elder people are, the more they like dark colors (Journal of Advertising, p. 15). Still, it is very difficult to influence attention of elderly people also because they due to their life experience can resist the publicity and advertising more then young people or children.LG Company m ade a mobile phone, which is specialized for elderly people. Marketers understand that it is quite difficult for elderly people to see small letters, press small buttons as well as learn new technologies. Still, the majority of elderly people prefer a basic number of functions – it means the idea â€Å"A telephone should be used to make calls only†, so LG made this telephone with elementary functions only. Big buttons and low price – are two factors by opinion of LG, which should satisfy demands of elderly. This model (LG NS1000) allows only making calls and receiving/sending SMS.Japan manufacturers of automobiles intend to start a new line of special automobiles for elderly people. As local Mass Media informs, such new and clever auto will help the driver to brake and to turn the wheel. They plan assembly-line production of such cars from the beginning of 2006. Auto will have numerous sensors and cameras, which can read all movements of hands, legs and eyes of driver and will determine mistakes in driving. At present time specialists analyze influence of age changes for physical reaction of driver and his ability to estimate situation on the road.In accordance with results a special computer program will be created to help elderly drivers. A prototype of new car is already developed, which will have speed till 60 km/h. The creators of new auto consider that this novelty will be of great success because of increasing quantity of elderly drivers in Japanese society. The cost of such a novelty will be approx. 9-13 thousand dollars. Now, let’s make the excursion to Austria, where one of the trading concerns makes an interesting experiment: this concern opened two supermarkets especially for elderly people.This experiment is interesting before all because representatives of the elder generation traditionally aren’t attractive group for retail trade: seems that they don’t have much money, and their demands are quite modestà ¢â‚¬ ¦ Still, almost in all European countries fast ageing of society takes place, and quantity of elderly people is increasing more and more†¦ So this supermarket in Vienna is a kind of test place, where technologies of servicing of quite specific client sphere, which is constantly increasing and becomes more important, take place.At the first sight, this is a very ordinary supermarket: long rows of shelves, relaxing music from dynamics†¦ But if you be attentive, you can notice some differences. For example, figures at the price-list: they are bigger, then usual. Some of shelves have magnifying glasses, in order the client will be able to see inscription at the goods, which are usually typed by small font. Besides, you can ask the cashier to give you glasses for reading.Just near the exit you can see a comfortable bench to have a rest, near it – the device to measure blood pressure. The cart for shopping has special hanger in order to put there a walking stick. The gangway between shelves is bigger then in usual supermarkets, and floor in the shop is made of special material, so legs don’t slide. Moreover, the shelves are made in such a special manner that elder person doesn’t have to bend down or stretch for goods he needs. All those novelties were highly appreciated by the clients.

Heatlhy Eating

Healthy eating and exercise will help in the prevention or maintenance of sugar levels thus lowering the chance of developing diabetes and/or other illnesses. A well balanced diet and regular exercise are important for a healthy lifestyle to avoid these health issues. There are certain benefits and important reasons for eating healthy. Eating healthy allows the body to operate more efficiently, so that the numbers of visits to the doctor’s office related to digestion or the lack there-of are kept to a minimum, and a better quality of life can be enjoyed. This paper will discuss the benefits of healthy eating, controlling diabetes and prevention of other diseases and illnesses. There are significant benefits of feeling better. For one, a healthy lifestyle promotes feeling better through exercise, and taking advantage of activities that are not regularly participated in, because of the way the body feels. Feeling better will also boost metabolism. This means the body does not feel tired and could potentially encourage a daily exercise plan. Exercising will get the cardiovascular, lungs and stigma pumping. This exercise plan could aid in the prevention of unwanted medication due to fatigue, being overweight and generally not feeling well. Just moving about and being active can work certain parts of the body. When the body feels good it releases adrenaline. Adrenaline helps with daily activities. Walking or running on a daily basis will provide the body with some kind of physical activity. Feeling better alone with healthy eating is a key essential to maintaining a healthy lifestyle. More than a decade ago, the U. S. Department of Agriculture created the Food Guide Pyramid. This simple illustration conveyed in a flash what the USDA said were the elements of a healthy diet. The Pyramid was taught in schools, appeared in countless media articles and brochures and was plastered on cereal boxes and food labels (Willett, 2000, 2005). From EAT, DRINK, AND BE HEALTHY by Walter C. Willett, M. D. Copyright  © 2001, 2005 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Reprinted by permission of Free Press/Simon & Schuster, Inc. The Healthy Eating Pyramid sits on a foundation of daily exercise and weight control. Why? These two related elements strongly influence ones chances of staying healthy. They also affect what and how you eat and how your food affects you. (Willett, 2001, 2005) Does the body need three meals and two snacks between meals daily? Well, listen to what the body says. One way to listen to the body is to stop eating when the stomach feels full. When the stomach feels full, do not continue to eat. Feeling stuffed will cause fatigue, a sluggish and tired feeling accompanied with feeling uncomfortable. Do not over eat; this could result in stretching the abdomen. â€Å"Eating healthy foods provides your body with energy, strengthens your immune system and improves your ability to stay fit† (Segal, 2000). Another reason eating healthy foods is essential is it provides the body with nutrients needed to maintain energy levels throughout the day. A person will feel better and have higher sustained energy levels that could last until evening or when it is time to retire for the day. Here are some suggestions that should be used to start eating healthy. They recommend to develop a routine meal plan for daily meals and snacks. First, learn to not skip meals especially breakfast; a balanced breakfast is recommended every morning. Providing the body with breakfast in the morning is like starting the motor of a car with a full tank of gas. If there is no gas in the tank, the car will not run. With a full tank of gas, the car is able to run for days. By providing the body with fuel in the morning, the body is started for the day. When planning a routine meal plan for eating healthy, think about if the body weight is normal. If the body weight is normal, three meals a day and two snacks between meals can be enjoyed everyday. Snacks can be enjoyed between meals if hunger is experienced. Some suggestions for eating healthy without piling on calories are to eat raw foods like salads combined with low fat dressings. Drink plenty of water to dilute toxins the body stores, which could leave a sluggish feeling. If drinking water is boring, natural fruit juices low in sugars can be substituted. Healthy eating can prevent certain types of diseases and high cholesterol. When shopping for food at the grocery store, purchase certain foods that are low in saturated fats, low fat or skim dairy products. Try to avoid a large amount of red meat. Purchase meat products that are high in protein and buy products that have some fiber in them. Foods that are high in saturated fats and cholesterol are known to cause blockage in the body arteries. When these arteries are blocked, the blockage will cut off the supply of blood to the heart. If the heart does not get the oxygen it needs, this will result in a heart attack. Dairy products such as milk, ice cream, butter and cooking ils are high in fats and should be given careful consideration when being purchased. The reasoning for not eating a large number of red meat products is because these meats are high in cholesterol and the body produces its own cholesterol. Cholesterol is found in our hormones and in bile acids for digestion purposes. When cholesterol is deposited into the body from the food we eat, the ch olesterol goes into the arteries that could result in a blockage of the arteries. The coronary arteries narrow with high cholesterol foods. A person can develop angina, or result in a heart attack. Foods we can eat to maintain a healthy body have carbohydrates low in total fat, non-dairy products, soy products, skinless chicken, fish e. g. salmon, cod, trout, and nuts. There are benefits to eating these types of foods. Eating these types will provide the body with the nutrients the body needs to stay healthy. Carbohydrates low in fat, reduce the amount of starch the body will absorb. These starches found in carbohydrates turn into certain sugars once it passes through the digestion track. Too much sugar in the body can be filtered into the blood. If there is a family history of diabetes, I would suggest being mindful of products purchased high in carbohydrate and sugars. This is why it is recommended to purchase products low in carbohydrates because as the body ages it unable to breakdown these products as effectively as it did when the body was younger. As the body ages, the body loses certain hormones that are not reproduced therefore compromising overall health. Sugars are measured with a glycemic index (GI). The glycemic index measures how fast carbohydrates are digested when it enters the bloodstream which raises the blood-sugar levels in the body. When foods with a low glycemic index enter the bloodstream the insulin trigger is slower contributing to a steadier blood sugar level. When foods have a higher glycemic index entering the blood stream quickly, it causes the insulin to respond more quickly resulting in large blood sugar swings. This is why it is so important to balance carbohydrates each meal since the effect of one food offsets the other, and all foods turn into sugars to fuel the body. Non-dairy products are recommended in practicing good choices for healthy eating. There are a couple of good reasons for purchasing non-dairy products. Non-dairy products are low fats. Non-dairy products provide the body with the benefit of getting some extra protein in the diet. An additional good product to include when making good quality choices for healthy eating is soy. There are many benefits for including soy in a daily diet routine. Soy is high in protein. Soy can be substituted for red meat. Soy comes in a variety of forms. Soymilk is a non-dairy product. Soy products can be purchased in hamburger, hot dog, sausage, bacon, buffalo wing and host of other forms. It is possible to find soy products in a grocery store. There are many different brand names to choose from. In some studies, soy has been known to reduce hot flashes in women during menopause. Soy products can be used with hormone replacement therapy. Skinless chicken is another product that is beneficial for healthy eating. Chicken also provides the body with protein. Removing the skin from the chicken is important for a couple of reasons. One reason for removing the skin is, so the body does not absorb all the fat that is stored in the skin. The fat from the skin contains and holds toxins that are not good for the body. These same fats produce starches and sugars in that could aid in blockages in the arteries over time. By simply removing the skin from the chicken that is one step forward in practicing good eating habits. Fish alone is good for the body. Fish has certain oils that aids in the production of a healthy heart alone with providing the body with good saturated fatty oils. If fish is not a favorite to eat, a supplement of fish oil caplets or pills can be included in a daily diet routine. Nuts are also an enormous source of nutrition with any diet plan. Nuts are an excellent source of protein, minerals and other nutrients found beneficial to the heart. According to the FDA in July, 2003, it is suggested that eating 1. 5 ounces of some nuts as part of a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol, may reduce the risk of heart disease. Six of the healthiest nuts to choose from are: walnuts that contain the antioxidant compound ellagic acid, which is known to fight cancer and support the immune system; almonds are rich in potassium, manganese, copper, the antioxidants vitamin E and selenium, and calcium. Just a quarter cup of almonds contains as much calcium as a quarter cup of milk. Cashews are lower in fat that other nuts and 90 % of the fat found in cashews is oleic acid, the heart-healthy fat found in olive oil. Eating three quarters a cup of pecans can help lower bad cholesterol (LDL) and help clear the arteries. Brazil nuts are rich in selenium which may help with breast cancer. Macadamia nuts are also a good source of protein, fiber, healthy monounsaturated fats, potassium and magnesium. These nuts are also shown to lower bad cholesterol (LDL) just as the pecans do. As with all daily routine diets, a good multivitamin is recommended. Even though this meal plan is a good choice for healthy eating, a multivitamin can be used in conjunction to maximize the benefits of healthy eating. There are a variety of multivitamins to choose from. Choose the multivitamin that best fits the body and lifestyle. Vitamins come in a host of categories. Vitamins can be purchased depending on the age of a person and other factors. For younger adults who are very active, a multivitamin choice may be a multivitamin with a higher percentage of B6 and B12 for energy. For older adults with a calcium deficiency a multivitamin high in calcium would be a good choice. Whatever the need, there is multivitamin suited for the body and all lifestyles. To ensure that the multivitamin being purchased is tailored for the body and lifestyle, check with a doctor or pharmacist for help in choosing a good multivitamin. Therefore, by following a basic guideline for healthy eating, the benefits of feeling better will be greater, and there will be fewer trips to the doctor’s office and a reduction in diseases and illnesses. A better quality of life can be enjoyed with a healthy diet and exercise. References Kemp, J (2001). Preventing and Healing heart disease. Healthy guide. org. Retrieved 01-07, 2009, from http://www. helpguide. org/life/healthy_eating_diet. htm Bray, G (1988). Partnership for a Healthy Management. Obesity Part 1 Pathogenesis, 149, Retrieved 01-07-2009, from http://www. consumer. gov/weightloss/bmi. htm Dorsey, J (2001). Diabetes diet and Nutrition. Healthy guide. org. Retrieved 01-07, 2009, from http://www. helpguide. org/life/healthy_eating_diet. htm. Segal, J (2001). Healthy Eating: Tips for a healthy diet. Healthy guide. org. Retrieved 01-07, 2009, from http://www. helpguide. org/life/healthy_eating_diet. htm Willett, W (1988). Eat. Drink, and be Healthy. Free Press/Simon & Schuster, Inc. , Retrieved 01-07-2009, from http://www. hsph. harvard. edu/nutritionsource/pyramids. htm Chordas, L. (Dec 2008). One life to live: employers extend retirees' wellness programs and benefits in order to trim rising health care costs. (Health/Employee Benefits: Wellness Programs). Best's Review, 109, 8. P. 48(4). Retrieved January 07, 2009, from General OneFile via Gale: http://find. galegroup. com/ips/start. o? prodId=IPS Stengler, M. (2008, November). Spotlight on diabetes. Alive: Canadian Journal of Health & Nutrition, Retrieved January 7, 2009, from Alt HealthWatch database. Wedro, B. C. (2009). Heart Disease. 2009 MedicineNet, Inc. Retrieved January 16, 2009, from http://www. medicinenet. com/heart_disease/article. htm Wells, K. & Odle, T(2005). Exercise. In Jacqueline Longe (Ed. ), Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Me dicine, Vol. 2(2nd ed. , pp. 722-726). Detroit: Gale. Retrieved January 07, 2009, from Gale Virtual Reference Library via Gale: http://find. galegroup. om/ips/start. do? prodId=IPS Active People Can Make Mistakes Too – In Their Diet That Is; American Council on Exercise (ACE) Lists Top Nutrition Mistakes Made by Active People. (Nov 9, 2004). PR Newswire, p. NA. Retrieved January 07, 2009, from General OneFile via Gale: http://find. galegroup. com/ips/start. do? prodId=IPS Ask Dr. Sears Family Nutrition/Sugar Retrieved on 1-25-2009 http://www. askdrsears. com/html/4/T045000. asp#T045005 Barrie – Advance,1 (2008, November 10) Healthy workplaces recognized Retrieved January 07, 2009, from Canadian Newsstand Torstar database. Document ID: 1592924671). Partnership for healthy weight management- Body mass index. Retrieved January 16, 2009, from Nursing Standard, 23(10), 17(2008) Upward mobility in the workplace encourages healthy lifestyles Retrieved January 7, 2009, from Ca reer and Technical Education database. (Document ID: 1599494081). Six wise. If You are Nuts About Health, Try the Top 6 Healthiest Nuts. Retrieved 01-25, 2009http://www. sixwise. com/newsletters/05/06/29/if_you_are_nuts_about_health_try_the_top_6_healthiest_nuts. htm

Biology of diseases Essays

Biology of diseases Essays Biology of diseases Essay Biology of diseases Essay Introduction Brian, age 52, is an old instructor, experiencing unwell for several months. Presented, He had non been kiping at all good, frequently acquiring up in the dark to urinate, and was experiencing highly fatigued and besides noticed that his mortise joints seemed conceited. Blood and urine trial revealed that Brian was enduring from nephrotic syndrome. Further nephritic biopsy is done and cellular pathology study is need to be diagnosed the chief cause of Brian symptoms. In this study we are traveling to discourse, how kidney disease can be progressive, taking to end-stage nephritic disease and the Current methods to name kidney disease and, in peculiar, progressive kidney disease, include supervising piss for elevated protein degrees and carry oning nephritic biopsies and available interventions for kidney disease, specifically progressive kidney disease. ( 1,14 ) The presence of nephrotic-range albuminurias, hydrops, lipemia, and hypoalbuminemia is defined as nephrotic syndrome. ( 7 ) Excessive protein elimination ( 3.5g or more ) characterizes nephrotic scope albuminuria. ( 7,9,14 ) A aggregation of clinical findings which is a consequence of monolithic nephritic losingss of protein is called nephrotic syndrome, which is non a disease, but manifestation of different glomerular diseases. ( 7,17,22 ) If kidney harm is advanced, waste merchandises such as creatinine and urea N may construct up in the blood. ( 4,9 ) Proteinuria and Hypoalbuminemia, with plasma albumens degree less than 3gm/dl and hydrops of the mortise joints suggest the clinical characteristic that reveals Brian is enduring with nephrotic syndrome. ( 1,7,22 ) Additionally biopsy and the cellular pathology findings as showed in Fig 1 and Fig 2 revealed membranous glomerulonephritis. In grownup s membranous glomerulonephritis histories for about 30 % of the instances of nephrotic syndrome, ( 1,7,11 ) which is diagnosed by nephritic biopsy and seen by light microscopy with H A ; E staining demoing the thickener of the glomerular cellar membrane walls with some glomeruli wholly sclerosed, is the basic alteration in membranous glomerulonephritis which are both scattered and unvarying and accompanied small in the manner of cellular proliferation. ( 1,7 ) , The presence of spikes along the cellar membrane in the presence of argyrophilic stuff projecting out from the glomerular cellar membrane towards the epithelial infinite is indicated by Ag staining. Intense thickener of the glomerular capillary walls occur if the disease farther progresses unsteadily, utilizing anadiplosis of the glomerular cellar membrane. ( 7,11,14 ) The presences of electron-dense immune composite s sedimentations are revealed by negatron microscopy. Which farther on immunofluorescence are foun d to incorporate IgG which is normally accompanied by C3 in a typical farinaceous form demarcate the glomerular cellar membrane. In similar advanced conditions, the strength of IgG staining may be moderated. ( 8,18 ) The analysis of Immunoglobulin G subclass is of import in placing membrane glomerulonephritis underlying the anti-glomerular cellar membrane disease. ( 19 ) 60 % of persons with membranous glomerulonephritis show proteinuria conserves of which merely 40 % suffer from this disease which terminates to renal failure after 2 to 20 old ages. ( 7,22 ) Fractional or comprehensive decrease of albuminuria with auxiliary benign class is seen in 10 % to 30 % of persons. Persons between the ages of 30 to 50 old ages are more at the hazard of developing the disease, as it bit by bit progresses with no known cause. ( 7 ) Membrane glomerulonephritis is a signifier of chronic immune complex Brights disease. It is an autoimmune disease. Chronic nephritic failure is accounted in a big per centum of patients by glomerulonephritis, which is most often known as nephrotic syndrome and sometimes as symptomless albuminuria with or without the presence of high blood pressure. ( 11,14 ) It is a taking cause of nephrotic syndrome in grownups. Figure 3. Possible Mechanisms of the Formation of Subepithelial Deposits in Experimental Models and Patients with, Membranous Nephropathy. ( 24 ) Antibodies and glomerular sedimentations of Ig prompt membranous glomerulonephritis. ( 19 ) Injury ensuing from deposition of soluble go arounding antigen-antibody composites in the glomerulus and hurt by antibodies responding in situ within the glomerulus, either with indissoluble fixed glomerular antigen or with molecule planted within the glomerulus can set up hurt associated with antibody. ( 8 ) In add-on glomerular hurt can be caused by antibodies directed against glomerular cell constituents. In the membranous glomerulonephritis, the mark of hurt is the glomerular splanchnic epithelial cell or podocyte which is a extremely specialised and significantly differentiated cell that rests on the exterior of the glomerular cellar membrane. ( 7, 8,18 ) Further, albuminuria follows the formation of sub epithelial sedimentations, which is linked by podocyte flattening and effacement. With the transition of clip, addition in the accretion of extracellular matrix protein synthesis by podoc ytes causes inspissating of glomerular cellar membrane. ( 7,14 ) Scientists have focused on the theoretical accounts of rats for inactive Heymann Brights disease to develop specific therapy for membranous glomerulonephritis. ( 20 ) ( Resembles human disease ) Membranous glomerulonephritis is an immune-mediated disease as the first country of hunt was to place the antigen responsible for the membranous lesion was suggested to researches by presence of sub epithelial sedimentations. ( 1, 14 ) A 2nd major country of research has been recognized that antibody adhering to the membranous antigen activates complement, taking to the interpolation of C5b-9 ( membrane onslaught composite ) into the podocyte plasma membrane. ( 8,19 ) Over the past 10 old ages surveies it has been clearly documented the critical function for C5b-9-induced podocyte hurt taking to the development of albuminuria. ( 9 ) The mechanisms underlying the podocyte response to C5b-9 hurt, which include hypertrophy, matrix production, and the care of a well-differentiated and inactive phenotype, to find how these events translate into albuminurias and progressive glomerulosclerosis is the 3rd country of research. ( 9,18,14 ) This survey provides farther penetrations into the complexnesss of C5b-9-induced hurt to podocytes, and besides into the pathogenesis of membranous glomerulonephritis. The constituents of the nephrotic syndrome bear a logical relationship to one another. Increased permeableness to plasma proteins is the effect of disorganization in the capillary walls of the glomeruli, proteins flight from the plasma into the glomerular filtrate by increased permeableness ensuing from their structural or physiochemical changes. ( 7, 22 ) Figure 4. Overview of pathophysiology of edema formation in nephrotic syndrome ( 25 ) Due to the fact that Brian had long hours standing occupation he developed reduced serum albumen, which resulted in hypoalbuminemia. Hypoalbuminemia and primary keeping of salt and H2O by the kidney consequence from bead in plasma colloid osmotic force per unit area, is the generalised hydrops of the nephrotic syndrome. ( 1, 7 ) As fluid escapes the vascular tree into the tissues there is an associated bead in the plasma volume, with lessened glomerular filtration. ( 7 ) The cause of membranous glomerulonephritis is idiopathic. Often, separating between idiopathic and secondary causes is non possible based on clinical grounds entirely, 85 % of instances of membranous glomerulonephritis is idiopathic. ( 14 ) Lupus and hepatitis, attendant mesangial or subendothelial sedimentations may be present in secondary membranous glomerulonephritis including infections like hepatitis B, pox, bilharzia, malaria, malignant tumours peculiarly carcinoma of the lung and colon melanoma every bit good as exposure to inorganic salts ( gold, quicksilver ) and drugs like penicilamine, caporal, no steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. ( 7,21 ) Available interventions for kidney disease, specifically progressive kidney disease, include the usage of steroids, alkylating agents and cyclosporine. ( 15 ) This intervention is controversial because of the variable class of the disease, the overall effectivity of corticoids and other immunosuppressive therapy in commanding the advancement of the disease has been hard to measure. ( 15, 21 ) The above mentioned diagnostic methods frequently are unequal since important harm to the kidney can happen prior to diagnosing. ( 1 ) The above mentioned interventions often are unsuccessful in holding the patterned advance of kidney disease and, hence, unsatisfactory, since they frequently are accompanied by inauspicious side effects, such as cellular and systemic toxicity. The methods described here in aid for naming, handling, holding the patterned advan ce and cut downing the badness of kidney disease in a human. ( 7,15 ) The methods provide an effectual mode to handle kidney disease and, finally, prevent end-stage nephritic disease. Successful intervention of the implicit in cause may be healing as a low-salt diet is a cardinal to cut downing anasarca. ( 21 ) Protein limitations may or may non be utile in cut downing the rate of patterned advance of chronic nephritic failure. Diuretic drugs help in commanding hydrops particularly Loop water pills are most frequently used. NSAIDs aid to diminish the albuminuria and have been mostly supplanted by angiotensin-converting enzyme ( ACE ) inhibitors and angiotonin II receptor blockers ( ARBs ) . ACE inhibitors decrease albuminurias and command high blood pressure ; ARBs are used for patients intolerant of ACE inhibitors. ( 15 ) Hepatic 3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibitors help in handling hypercholesteremia. ( 21 ) Routine anticoagulation is controversial as anticoagulation is by and large continued indefinitely and Antivirals may be utile in hepatitis-associated membranous kidney disease. ( 15,21, ) A younger patient presented with similar symptoms but no abnormalcies were shown with the light microscope, the glomeruli seem normal. No staining were found utilizing immunohistochemistry. Proximal convoluted tubules are loaded to a great extent with droplets of proteins and lipoids, but this is secondary to the cannular resorption go throughing through the glomeruli of the lipoproteins. When it is placed under negatron microscope its shows the uniform and spread effacement of the pes processes of the podocytes. ( 7,23 ) The cytol appears flattened of the podocytes over the external facets of the glomerular cellar membrane, pulverizing the nexus of the arcades between the glomerular cellar membrane and the podocytes. Therefore, electron microscope revealed minimal-changed disease. Minimal alteration disease is one of the common causes of nephrotic syndrome, the name is given to the infection that follows on from heavy escape of protein into the piss. It may develop at any age but it is most common between ages 1 and 7 old ages. ( 7 ) Minimal alteration disease normally responds good to intervention with high doses of Pediapred. ( 15,21 ) This frequently discontinues the protein leak within yearss or hebdomads, although it may take longer in grownups. The dosage of steroids is so bit by bit reduced. Decision This study has presented grounds to back up the impression that when nephritic map is impeded due to conditions such as membranous glomerulonephritis, early intervention steps must be implemented to forestall nephritic failure. Corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive therapies were employed to get the better of the nephritic disfunction and stabilise the patient. ( 15,21 ) If these steps were non taken, nephritic disfunction may go on to deteriorate and ensue in inauspicious nephritic disease. This syndrome has been identified as a status that may finally take autoimmune conditions ( Systemic lupus erythematosus SLE ) . ( 15 ) Bibliography: 1. Cattran, C ( 2001 ) Idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis , Kidney International, 59, pp:1983-1994 2. Couser WG. Pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 1993 ; 44: S19-S26 3. Deschenes, G. Feraille, E. Doucet, A. ( 2003 ) Mechanisms Of Oedema In Nephrotic Syndrome: Old Theories And New Ideas , Nephrology Dialysis Transplant, 18 ( 3 ) , Pp: 454-456. 4. Black, R. ( 2006 ) Clinical Problems In Nephrology. New York: Small, Brown And Company. 5. Lennon, R. Watson, L. Webb, N ( 2009 ) Nephrotic Syndrome In Children , Peadiatrics And Child Health, 20 ( 1 ) , Pp:35-42. 6. Mckinney, P, A. Feltbower, R, G. Brockelbank, J. ( 2001 ) Time Trends And Ethnic Patterns Of Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome In Yorkshire, UK , Paediatric Nephrology, California: INPA16. Pp: 1040-1044. 7. Kumar, V. Abbas, A. Fausto, N. Aster, J, C. ( 2010 ) Robins And Cotran Pathological Basis Of Disease. 8th Edition. Philadelphia: Saunders 8. Mclean, R. Micheal, A. Roy, L, P. ( 1973 ) Immunological Aspects of the Nephrotic Syndrome , Kidney International, Minnesota, 3.pp:105-115. 9. Chinar, F, P. Lauson, H, D. ( 1953 ) A Study Of The Mechanism Of Proteinuria In Patients With The Nephrotic Syndrome , The Hospital Rockfeller Institute For Medical Research.Pp:621-629. 10. Jiang, X. Ke Pana, Li Lin B, Gui-Fang Wang. ( 2009 ) Nephrotic Syndrome And Pulmonary Artery Thrombosis , Respiratory Medicine CME. pp:48-50 11. Ponticelli, C ( 2007 ) Membranous nephropathy , JNephrol, 20, pp:268-286. 12. Monetary value, S, A. Wilson, L, M ( 1997 ) Pathophysiology.5TH Edition. Show me state: Mosby. 13. 14. Wasserstein, A, G. ( 1997 ) Membranous Glomerulonephritis , Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, pp:66-676. 15. Waldman, M ( 2007 ) Adult Minimal-Change Disease: Clinical Features, Treatment, and Outcomes , Journal of the American Society of Nephrology,2, pp:445-453. 16. MacTIER, R. ( 1986 ) The Natural History of Membranous Nephropathy in the West of Scotland , Quarterly Journal of Medicine,232, pp:793-802. 17. Porth, C, M. ( 2009 ) Pathophysiology. 8TH Edition. Philadelphia: Lipponcott And Wilkins. 18. Couser WG. Mechanisms of glomerular hurt in immune complex glomerulonephritis ( Nephrology Forum ) . Kidney Int 1985 ; 28: 569-583 19. Salant DJ, Natori Y, Shimizu F. Glomerular hurt due to antibody entirely. ( Chapter 17 ) In: Nielson EG, Couser WG, eds Immunologic nephritic diseases. Philadelphia, PA, Lippincott-Raven Publishers, 1977 ; 357-374 20. Mendrick DL, Rennke HG, I. Initiation of albuminuria in the rat by a monoclonal antibody against SPG-115-107. Kidney Int 1988 ; 33: 818-830 21. Baliga, R. , et al. , Oxidant Mechanisms in Toxic Acute Renal Failure, Drug Metabolism Reviews 31 ( 4 ) :971-991 ( 1999 ) . 22. Matfin.G, et Al, 2009, pathophysiology constructs of altered wellness position, ( 8 ) , Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, page no: 843-845 23. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.edren.org/pages/edreninfo/minimal-change-disease.php 24. www.analesdemedicina.com/autoinmunidad/notici 25. www.nature.com/ /v62/n4/fig_tab/4493234f2.html

Critique of a Research Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Critique of a Research Report - Essay Example Substantive and Theoretical Dimension: The relocation of patients is a serious issue that causes different impacts on residents and their families. Also, the relocation of patients causes changes in clinical outcomes, influencing the perceptions of residents in a negative manner. This is a crucial issue that must be addressed by nursing home administrators. A large number of residents rely on nursing home facilities to treat critical health conditions. Their relocation to other facilities greatly impact their perceptions and thoughts towards nursing home facilities (Loiselle, McGrath, Polit, & Beck, 2010). But in this study, the researchers have not pinpointed any clear significant importance of the study, nor have they backed up this weakness with a justification. â€Å"A framework is the overall conceptual underpinnings of a study. Not every study is based on a theory or model, but every study has a framework – a theoretical rationale† (Loiselle & McGrath, 2011, pg. 1 29). The conceptual framework of this study is based on the views of residents who have experienced nursing home relocation and changes in clinical system. ... The research question and adopted method is well balanced, as the study aims to explore the impact of nursing home relocation on residents and families. To this end, the authors have robustly examined the sample taken from the 120 residents of a nursing home. However, it is apparent that the researchers have not alluded to any relevant theory that could have assisted their understanding in general outcomes of relocation decisions (Loiselle, McGrath, Polit, & Beck, 2010). However, other nursing articles demonstrate that the theoretical frameworks of the researches are primarily based on grounded theory methodology. Defined as a type of study that focuses on an evolving social experience- the social and psychological stages and phases that characterize a particular event or episode (Loiselle & McGrath, 2011, pg. 44). For instance, Yeboah (2009) study clearly shows that grounded theory was used to derive out another relevant theory in order, to study the relationship between relocation to nursing homes and its impact on the residents. Similarly, Meleis (2010) study shows that transition theory has been derive out through grounded theory methodology in order, to study the bond between transition event and nursing perceptions. Additionally, the studies including books and journals used by Hoffman, Capezuti and Norman seem quite relevant and useful as a number of nursing studies have been used as a reference. But, critically it has observed that authors have not aimed to overcome the shortcomings of the previous studies closely related to the subject matter. Although it is considered important to highlight the weaknesses of previous studies and then present a new one with advancements and improvements (Loiselle & McGrath, 2011) it is not totally incorrect

President Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

President - Assignment Example The cuts and spending are provided in the succeeding section. There should be a reduction in international affairs by 15%. Spending on general government, natural resources and environment, energy, veterans’ benefits, and general science should also be reduced by 15%, 15%, 10%, 2.5% and 20% respectively. On the other hand, I propose a 20% increase in spending on military operations. Additionally, transportation, education, health, and administration of justice should each have a 5 percent increase in spending. Lastly, community and regional development should have a 2.5% increase in spending. The budget deficit will be $199 billion hence an improvement in the capacity of the country to meet its budgeting demands. An increase in spending on defense will ensure that the country’s security situation is enhanced. Terrorists especially the al Qaeda group have been targeting the country for a very long time. There will also be an improvement in infrastructure, quality of employee skills, health, distribution of national resources, and administration of justice as a result of the increased spending in the respective areas. On the other hand, the hand will experience strained relationships with developing nations as a result of reduced spending on international