Juvelines Tried as Adults in Court Essay - 834 Words

Juvelines Tried as Adults in Court Since the beginning of time justice officials have been faced with a difficult decision should juvenile offenders be given smaller sentences because of their age. Today officials still are having trouble with this situation. Some experts believe some offender should be tried as adults , others believe no juvenile offenders should be tried as adults and some even think all should be tried as adults. My opinion Juvenile criminals the way all offenders should be tried. According to Mr. Steve Smith 40% of inmates in prison are juveniles and he also says 150,000 prisoners are repeat offenders who started as juveniles. This means over 50,000 prisoners are juveniles and the others are adults who in the†¦show more content†¦As Mr Steve Smith said ?Majority of criminals in prison are repeat offenders who started as juveniles and most of them did not get tried as adults? this can only tell me if they would of received adult sentences maybe they would of had a chance to correct their mistake and not become and statistic of just another repeat offenders. According to the Census Bureau:There will be 1.8 million more males 14 to 24 years old, the most crime-prone group, in the year 2005 and 1.2 million more in 2010 im Missouri these action were taken in the legislature Removed the minimum age _ currently 14 _ for trying as adults kids who commit the most serious crimes like murder, rape and armed robbery. Lowered to age 12 the minimum age for trying a child accused of other, less serious felony crimes. Allowed a child of any age to face trial as an adult if the child already have been convicted of two or more felonies. Allowed a juvenile judge to determine the minimum length of time a juvenile offender must spend in a juvenile facility. Currently, the states Youth Services Division decides when to release a juvenile based on the childs progress in changing behavior. Provided public access to many juvenile records in criminal cases. Under current law, juvenile records are totally closed to public access. Not to mention most of the 50 states have harshened their policies on juvenile crime. Juvenile criminals also targets drugs. According to the Breaking the

The Amber Spyglass Chapter 12 The Break Free Essays

string(137) " the knife and cut the smallest possible window he could see through, no larger than the circle he could make with thumb and forefinger\." As darkness fell, this was how things stood. In his adamant tower, Lord Asriel paced up and down. His attention was fixed on the little figure beside the lodestone resonator, and every other report had been diverted, every part of his mind was directed to the news that came to the small square block of stone under the lamplight. We will write a custom essay sample on The Amber Spyglass Chapter 12 The Break or any similar topic only for you Order Now King Ogunwe sat in the cabin of his gyropter, swiftly working out a plan to counter the intentions of the Consistorial Court, which he’d just learned about from the Gallivespian in his own aircraft. The navigator was scribbling some figures on a scrap of paper, which he handed to the pilot. The essential thing was speed: getting their troops on the ground first would make all the difference. The gyropters were faster than zeppelins, but they were still some way behind. In the zeppelins of the Consistorial Court, the Swiss Guard were attending to their kit. Their crossbows were deadly over five hundred yards, and an archer could load and fire fifteen bolts a minute. The spiral fins, made of horn, gave the bolt a spin and made the weapon as accurate as a rifle. It was also, of course, silent, which might be a great advantage. Mrs. Coulter lay awake in the entrance to the cave. The golden monkey was restless, and frustrated: the bats had left the cave with the coming of darkness, and there was nothing to torment. He prowled about by Mrs. Coulter’s sleeping bag, scratching with a little horny finger at the occasional glowflies that settled in the cave and smearing their luminescence over the rock. Lyra lay hot and almost as restless, but deep, deep asleep, locked into oblivion by the draught her mother had forced down her only an hour before. There was a dream that had occupied her for a long time, and now it had returned, and little whimpers of pity and rage and Lyratic resolution shook her breast and her throat, making Pantalaimon grind his polecat teeth in sympathy. Not far away, under the wind-tossed pines on the forest path, Will and Ama were making their way toward the cave. Will had tried to explain to Ama what he was going to do, but her daemon could make no sense of it, and when he cut a window and showed her, she was so terrified that she nearly fainted. He had to move calmly and speak quietly in order to keep her nearby, because she refused to let him take the powder from her, or even to tell him how it was to be used. In the end he had to say simply, â€Å"Keep very quiet and follow me,† and hope that she would. Iorek, in his armor, was somewhere close by, waiting to hold off the soldiers from the zeppelins so as to give Will enough time to work. What neither of them knew was that Lord Asriel’s force was also closing in: the wind from time to time brought a far-distant clatter to Iorek’s ears, but whereas he knew what zeppelin engines sounded like, he had never heard a gyropter, and he could make nothing of it. Balthamos might have been able to tell them, but Will was troubled about him. Now that they’d found Lyra, the angel had begun to withdraw back into his grief: he was silent, distracted, and sullen. And that, in turn, made it harder to talk to Ama. As they paused on the path, Will said to the air, â€Å"Balthamos? Are you there?† â€Å"Yes,† said the angel tunelessly. â€Å"Balthamos, please stay with me. Stay close and warn me of any danger. I need you.† â€Å"I haven’t abandoned you yet,† said the angel. That was the best Will could get out of him. Far above in the buffeting midair, Tialys and Salmakia soared over the valley, trying to see down to the cave. The dragonflies would do exactly as they were told, but their bodies couldn’t easily cope with cold, and besides, they were tossed about dangerously in the wild wind. Their riders guided them low, among the shelter of the trees, and then flew from branch to branch, taking their bearings in the gathering dark. Will and Ama crept up in the windy moonlight to the closest point they could reach that was still out of sight of the cave mouth. It happened to be behind a heavy-leaved bush just off the path, and there he cut a window in the air. The only world he could find with the same conformation of ground was a bare, rocky place, where the moon glared down from a starry sky onto a bleached bone-white ground where little insects crawled and uttered their scraping, chittering sounds over a wide silence. Ama followed him through, fingers and thumbs moving furiously to protect her from the devils that must be haunting this ghastly place; and her daemon, adapting at once, became a lizard and scampered over the rocks with quick feet. Will saw a problem. It was simply that the brilliant moonlight on the bone-colored rocks would shine like a lantern once he opened the window in Mrs. Coulter’s cave. He’d have to open it quickly, pull Lyra through, and close it again at once. They could wake her up in this world, where it was safer. He stopped on the dazzling slope and said to Ama: â€Å"We must be very quick and completely silent. No noise, not even a whisper.† She understood, though she was frightened. The little packet of powder was in her breast pocket: she’d checked it a dozen times, and she and her daemon had rehearsed the task so often that she was sure they could do it in total darkness. They climbed on up the bone-white rocks, Will measuring the distance carefully until he estimated that they would be well inside the cave. Then he took the knife and cut the smallest possible window he could see through, no larger than the circle he could make with thumb and forefinger. You read "The Amber Spyglass Chapter 12 The Break" in category "Essay examples" He put his eye to it quickly to keep the moonlight out and looked through. There it all was: he’d calculated well. He could see the cave mouth ahead, the rocks dark against the night sky; he could see the shape of Mrs. Coulter, asleep, with her golden daemon beside her; he could even see the monkey’s tail, trailing negligently over the sleeping bag. Changing his angle and looking closer, he saw the rock behind which Lyra was lying. He couldn’t see her, though. Was he too close? He shut that window, moved back a step or two, and opened again. She wasn’t there. â€Å"Listen,† he said to Ama and her daemon, â€Å"the woman has moved her and I can’t see where she is. I’m going to have to go through and look around the cave to find her, and cut through as soon as I’ve done that. So stand back – keep out of the way so I don’t accidentally cut you when I come back. If I get stuck there for any reason, go back and wait by the other window, where we came in.† â€Å"We should both go through,† Ama said, â€Å"because I know how to wake her, and you don’t, and I know the cave better than you do, too.† Her face was stubborn, her lips pressed together, her fists clenched. Her lizard daemon acquired a ruff and raised it slowly around his neck. Will said, â€Å"Oh, very well. But we go through quickly and in complete silence, and you do exactly what I say, at once, you understand?† She nodded and patted her pocket yet again to check the medicine. Will made a small opening, low down, looked through, and enlarged it swiftly, getting through in a moment on hands and knees. Ama was right behind him, and altogether the window was open for less than ten seconds. They crouched on the cave floor behind a large rock, with the bird-formed Balthamos beside them, their eyes taking some moments to adjust from the moon-drenched brilliance of the other world. Inside the cave it was much darker, and much more full of sound: mostly the wind in the trees, but below that was another sound, too. It was the roar of a zeppelin’s engine, and it wasn’t far away. With the knife in his right hand, Will balanced himself carefully and looked around. Ama was doing the same, and her owl-eyed daemon was peering this way and that; but Lyra was not at this end of the cave. There was no doubt about it. Will raised his head over the rock and took a long, steady look down toward the entrance, where Mrs. Coulter and her daemon lay deep in sleep. And then his heart sank. There lay Lyra, stretched out in the depths of her sleep, right next to Mrs. Coulter. Their outlines had merged in the darkness; no wonder he hadn’t seen her. Will touched Anna’s hand and pointed. â€Å"We’ll just have to do it very carefully,† he whispered. Something was happening outside. The roar of the zeppelins was now much louder than the wind in the trees, and lights were moving about, too, shining down through the branches from above. The quicker they got Lyra out, the better, and that meant darting down there now before Mrs. Coulter woke up, cutting through, pulling her to safety, and closing again. He whispered that to Ama. She nodded. Then, as he was about to move, Mrs. Coulter woke up. She stirred and said something, and instantly the golden monkey sprang to his feet. Will could see his silhouette in the cave mouth, crouching, attentive, and then Mrs. Coulter herself sat up, shading her eyes against the light outside. Will’s left hand was tight around Ama’s wrist. Mrs. Coulter got up, fully dressed, lithe, alert, not at all as if she’d just been asleep. Perhaps she’d been awake all the time. She and the golden monkey were crouching inside the cave mouth, watching and listening, as the light from the zeppelins swung from side to side above the treetops and the engines roared, and shouts, male voices warning or calling orders, made it clear that they should move fast, very fast. Will squeezed Ama’s wrist and darted forward, watching the ground in case he stumbled, running fast and low. Then he was at Lyra’s side, and she was deep asleep, Pantalaimon around her neck; and then Will held up the knife and felt carefully, and a second later there would have been an opening to pull Lyra through into safety – But he looked up. He looked at Mrs. Coulter. She had turned around silently, and the glare from the sky, reflected off the damp cave wall, hit her face, and for a moment it wasn’t her face at all; it was his own mother’s face, reproaching him, and his heart quailed from sorrow; and then as he thrust with the knife, his mind left the point, and with a wrench and a crack, the knife fell in pieces to the ground. It was broken. Now he couldn’t cut his way out at all. He said to Ama, â€Å"Wake her up. Do it now.† Then he stood up, ready to fight. He’d strangle that monkey first. He was tensed to meet its leap, and he found he still had the hilt of the knife in his hand; at least he could use it to hit with. But there was no attack either from the golden monkey or from Mrs. Coulter. She simply moved a little to let the light from outside show the pistol in her hand. In doing so, she let some of the light shine on what Ama was doing: she was sprinkling a powder on Lyra’s upper lip and watching as Lyra breathed in, helping it into her nostrils by using her own daemon’s tail as a brush. Will heard a change in the sounds from outside: there was another note now as well as the roar of the zeppelins. It sounded familiar, like an intrusion from his own world, and then he recognized the clatter of a helicopter. Then there was another and another, and more lights swept across the ever-moving trees outside, in a brilliant green scatter of radiance. Mrs. Coulter turned briefly as the new sound came to her, but too briefly for Will to jump and seize the gun. As for the monkey daemon, he glared at Will without blinking, crouched ready to spring. Lyra was moving and murmuring. Will bent down and squeezed her hand, and the other daemon nudged Pantalaimon, lifting his heavy head, whispering to him. Outside there was a shout, and a man fell out of the sky, to land with a sickening crash not five yards from the entrance to the cave. Mrs. Coulter didn’t flinch; she looked at him coolly and turned back to Will. A moment later there came a crack of rifle fire from above, and a second after that, a storm of shooting broke out, and the sky was full of explosions, of the crackle of flame, of bursts of gunfire. Lyra was struggling up into consciousness, gasping, sighing, moaning, pushing herself up only to fall back weakly, and Pantalaimon was yawning, stretching, snapping at the other daemon, flopping clumsily to one side as his muscles failed to act. As for Will, he was searching the cave floor with the utmost care for the pieces of the broken knife. No time to wonder how it had happened, or whether it could be mended; but he was the knife bearer, and he had to gather it up safely. As he found each piece, he lifted it carefully, every nerve in his body aware of his missing fingers, and slipped it into the sheath. He could see the pieces quite easily, because the metal caught the gleam from outside: seven of them, the smallest being the point itself. He picked them all up and then turned back to try and make sense of the fight outside. Somewhere above the trees, the zeppelins were hovering, and men were sliding down ropes, but the wind made it difficult for the pilots to hold the aircraft steady. Meanwhile, the first gyropters had arrived above the cliff. There was only room for them to land one at a time, and then the African riflemen had to make their way down the rock face. It was one of them who had been picked off by a lucky shot from the swaying zeppelins. By this time, both sides had landed some troops. Some had been killed between the sky and the ground; several more were wounded and lay on the cliff or among the trees. But neither force had yet reached the cave, and still the power inside it lay with Mrs. Coulter. Will said above the noise: â€Å"What are you going to do?† â€Å"Hold you captive.† â€Å"What, as hostages? Why should they take any notice of that? They want to kill us all anyway.† â€Å"One force does, certainly,† she said, â€Å"but I’m not sure about the other. We must hope the Africans win.† She sounded happy, and in the glare from outside, Will saw her face full of joy and life and energy. â€Å"You broke the knife,† he said. â€Å"No, I didn’t. I wanted it whole, so we could get away. You were the one who broke it.† Lyra’s voice came urgently: â€Å"Will?† she muttered. â€Å"Is that Will?† â€Å"Lyra!† he said, and knelt quickly beside her. Ama was helping her sit up. â€Å"What’s happening?† Lyra said. â€Å"Where are we? Oh, Will, I had this dream†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"We’re in a cave. Don’t move too fast, you’ll get dizzy. Just take it carefully. Find your strength. You’ve been asleep for days and days.† Her eyes were still heavy, and she was racked by deep yawns, but she was desperate to be awake, and he helped her up, putting her arm over his shoulder and taking much of her weight. Ama watched timidly, for now that the strange girl was awake, she was nervous of her. Will breathed in the scent of Lyra’s sleepy body with a happy satisfaction: she was here, she was real. They sat on a rock. Lyra held his hand and rubbed her eyes. â€Å"What’s happening, Will?† she whispered. â€Å"Ama here got some powder to wake you up,† he said, speaking very quietly, and Lyra turned to the girl, seeing her for the first time, and put her hand on Ama’s shoulder in thanks. â€Å"I got here as soon as I could,† Will went on, â€Å"but some soldiers did, too. I don’t know who they are. We’ll get out as soon as we can.† Outside, the noise and confusion were reaching a height; one of the gyropters had taken a fusillade from a zeppelin’s machine gun while the riflemen were jumping out on the cliff top, and it burst into flames, not only killing the crew but also preventing the remaining gyropters from landing. Another zeppelin, meanwhile, had found a clear space farther down the valley, and the crossbow men who disembarked from it were now running up the path to reinforce those already in action. Mrs. Coulter was following as much as she could see from the cave mouth, and now she raised her pistol, supporting it with both hands, and took careful aim before firing. Will saw the flash from the muzzle, but heard nothing over the explosions and gunfire from outside. If she does that again, he thought, I’ll rush and knock her over, and he turned to whisper that to Balthamos; but the angel was nowhere near. Instead, Will saw with dismay, he was cowering against the wall of the cave, back in his angel form, trembling and whimpering. â€Å"Balthamos!† Will said urgently. â€Å"Come on, they can’t hurt you! And you have to help us! You can fight – you know that – you’re not a coward – and we need you – â€Å" But before the angel could reply, something else happened. Mrs. Coulter cried out and reached down to her ankle, and simultaneously the golden monkey snatched at something in midair, with a snarl of glee. A voice – a woman’s voice – but somehow minute – came from the thing in the monkey’s paw: â€Å"Tialys! Tialys!† It was a tiny woman, no bigger than Lyra’s hand, and the monkey was already pulling and pulling at one of her arms so that she cried out in pain. Ama knew he wouldn’t stop till he’d torn it off, but Will leapt forward as he saw the pistol fall from Mrs. Coulter’s hand. And he caught the gun – but then Mrs. Coulter fell still, and Will became aware of a strange stalemate. The golden monkey and Mrs. Coulter were both utterly motionless. Her face was distorted with pain and fury, but she dared not move, because standing on her shoulder was a tiny man with his heel pressed against her neck, his hands entwined in her hair; and Will, through his astonishment, saw on that heel a glistening horny spur and knew what had caused her to cry out a moment before. He must have stung her ankle. But the little man couldn’t hurt Mrs. Coulter anymore, because of the danger his partner was in at the hands of the monkey; and the monkey couldn’t harm her, in case the little man dug his poison spur into Mrs. Coulter’s jugular vein. None of them could move. Breathing deeply and swallowing hard to govern the pain, Mrs. Coulter turned her tear-dashed eyes to Will and said calmly, â€Å"So, Master Will, what do you think we should do now?† How to cite The Amber Spyglass Chapter 12 The Break, Essay examples

Laws And Ethics Entrepreneurship Essay Example For Students

Laws And Ethics Entrepreneurship Essay EntrepreneurshipAn entrepreneur is a person who organizes and manages a business or industrial enterprise, attempting to make a profit taking the risk of loss. Although it may seem easy enough, becoming a successful entrepreneur is not rudimentary. Bill gates made it big overnight in 1979 with his creation of an interactive desktop interface he called ‘Windows. To become a successful entrepreneur, you have to have a product or service that consumers really want, an organized form of sales and service and quality advertising. The product or service, which is the foundation of all ones effort, could range from a durable coat hanger to a chain of Mexican cuisine restaurants. Whatever the product is, it has to be of high demand among the consumers. Otherwise ones business would be very detrimental, and unsuccessful. One doesnt have to invent a new product for it to be consumable. Improving on an already existing one is the most common tactic entrepreneurs use. Take the ‘E Yo for example, it is just a yo yo but with a dial on the side which counts how many times it has spun. Just by adding a dial on the side, the makers of ‘E Yo hyped it up to an extent that every kid on the block has one. Promotion and advertising also plays a big role in the success of an entrepreneur. Utilizing the media, one should try and get as much coverage of his product as possible. The consumer has to be well informed and aware about your product for him to be interested in purchasing your product. One of the best forms of advertising is posting posters on the bus or other public transportation vehicles, so that the thousands of people that use the public transportation system everyday will come to know about your product or service. Organized sales service and customer care are fundamental for a successful business. If a customer is not satisfied with the treatment he received during the transaction between him and your business. He is most likely not going to consider purchasing form you in the future, or even mentioning about your product or service to his colleagues. Therefore one should be well organized and use courtesy while dealing with a customer. As has been noted by providing quality advertising, courteous sales and service and an amiable product, one can become a successful entrepreneur. Meanwhile as Bill Gates makes his millions every day, average income homeowners keep on buying lottery tickets hopping to make it big. It may not be easy being an entrepreneur, but if it was, every one would be one.

The Tell Tale Heart and the Black Cat Essay Sample free essay sample

â€Å"Can you non see I have full control of my head? Is it non clear that I am non huffy? I could hear sounds I had neer heard before. I heard sounds from Eden and I heard sounds from snake pit! † This quotation mark from the storyteller of the short narrative. ‘The Tell Tale Heart’ . shows us how the storyteller has wholly lost his senses. believing in the supernatural and the storyteller even tries to carry us that he has the powers of a God. One of the chief subjects in both ‘The Black Cat’ and ‘The Tell Tale Heart’ is unhealthy obsessivity. the objects of which are besides of import symbols in the narratives. For illustration. in ‘The Black Cat’ . the storyteller is unnaturally obsessed with his black cat and its milieus. believing it to be the cause of his ruin and in ‘The Tell Tale Heart’ . the storyteller was foremost obsessed with the old man’s vulture-like oculus and subsequently his crushing bos om. We will write a custom essay sample on The Tell Tale Heart and the Black Cat Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One of the symbols in ‘The Black Cat’ was Pluto. the favored cat. This symbol relates to the subject because the storyteller of this narrative was unnaturally obsessed with the cat. believing that the cat was responsible for all the bad luck and purportedly supernatural things that were go oning. such as when his house burned down. The storyteller. who was get downing to lose his saneness. was convinced that the cat was out to acquire retaliation on him. â€Å"The cat was a beautiful animate being. of remarkably big size. and wholly black. I named the cat Pluto and it was the pet I liked best. † the storyteller explains. From this. we can state the storyteller loved his favored cat really much. more than his other pets and even more than his married woman. Edgar Allen Poe successfully conveyed the thought that when you love person and they turn against you. it hurts even more. He is proposing to us that the ground why he all of a sudden became barbarous to the cat was because it was intolerable to him that this most loved and sure animal should turn against him. This type of hurting and torment is really common as we tend to ache more if person closest to us should turn against us. The coloring material of the cat was black. which is symbolic because the color black symbolises bad fortune. bad luck and d ecease. which is precisely what the storyteller believes the cat brings. â€Å"It about seemed that the cat had in some cryptic manner caused the house to fire so that it could do me pay for my evil act. so that it could take retaliation on me. † By stating this. the storyteller seems to believe that the cat wants to take some sort of supernatural retaliation on him because the storyteller had killed the cat out of hurting and bitterness. since the cat had turned off from him. The cat’s name is Pluto and he symbolises Pluto. the Roman God of the underworld ; the Christian equivalent being the Satan in snake pit. The basement is a symbol found in â€Å"The Black Cat† . This relates to the subject because the storyteller is obsessed with the cat and everything supernatural go oning around it. Many unusual and supernatural happenings happen down in the basement ; non to advert. that to the storyteller ; the basement is like snake pit because snake pit is below the Earth and the basement is at the underside of the house. â€Å"I jumped from my bed and found that the full house was filled with fire. I thought of the cat as I watched it fire the cat whose dead organic structure I head left hanging in the basement. â €  The storyteller believed that the cat was like the Satan in snake pit. acquiring retaliation on him for his evil Acts of the Apostless with red region: The red region being the fire firing down his house. The cellar symbolized all things supernatural and symbolizes retaliation: â€Å"On the body’s caput. its one oculus filled with fire. its broad unfastened oral cavity the coloring material of blood. sat the cat shouting out its retaliation! † The storyteller murdered his married woman and embedded her in the cellar’s rock walls. non recognizing that the cat was entombed in at that place with her. So when he was certain that the officers wouldn’t happen a thing. the storyteller tapped the rock wall of the basement and all of a sudden a atrocious call came out of the wall. The call belonged to the cat and the storyteller was obsessed and convinced that he was the shade of the first cat coming back for its retaliation. From this. Edgar Allen Poe is seeking to convey the message that by making an evil act. guilt and fright will catch up with you. This is seen in today’s society in many degrees. For illustration. when we do a smaller graduated table â₠¬Ëœwrongdoing’ such as tell a prevarication. guilt and fright will catch up to us. in the same manner as making the large offenses such as slaying. Another symbol in â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart† was the old man’s vulture-like oculus. This relates to the subject because the storyteller is unnaturally obsessed with the old man’s oculus believing that â€Å"for it was non the old adult male I felt I had to kill ; it was the oculus. his Evil Eye. † The storyteller was afraid of the ‘evil eye’ and was wholly obsessed with it believing that is symbolized all things evil. awful and supernatural. The storyteller believed that the old man’s oculus. â€Å"was like the oculus of a vulture. the oculus of one of those awful birds that watch and wait while an carnal dies† and felt the lone manner to acquire rid of all this evilness was to ‘shut this oculus everlastingly. ’ Therefore the storyteller became haunted with destructing the oculus which he believed symbolized all things atrocious and evil. It is suggested that it was due to the ‘evil eye’ that the storyteller became brainsick because â€Å"due to that oculus. that difficult blue oculus. the blood in my organic structure became similar ice. † This is highly common in mundane society as there is ever something that will rag person and on occasion it will tip them over the border. taking to crazes and mental instability. Another symbol is the continuously beating bosom in â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart† . This relates to the subject because the storyteller of this narrative was obsessed with the bosom. believing that the bosom of the old adult male with the vulture-like oculus that he murdered was still crushing. and the narrator’s fright of being caught overpowers him. His compulsion and crazes lead to a mental dislocation and a confession to the constabulary. because he thinks that they are playing a game with him. when all along it was merely his ain bosom buffeting: â€Å"It was a speedy. low soft sound. Louder it became. I was certain they heard it! Suddenly I could bear it no more. I pointed at the boards and cried. â€Å"Yes I killed him. But why does his bosom non halt whipping? † This quotation mark from the storyteller indicates that the bosom is a symbol of the narrator’s feelings. While the storyteller believes that it is the old man’s bosom whipping. it is really his ain bosom thumping off. His bosom gets louder and louder as he gets more hysterical. From this. Edgar Allen Poe is seeking to state us that it was the narrator’s compulsion with the old man’s bosom that prevented him from seeing that it was really his ain bosom that was crushing madly. This is really common in today’s society ; many people are blinded from the truth by their compulsions with falsities. â€Å"The old man’s fright must be great so. As the sound grew louder. my choler became greater and more painful. But it was more than choler. In the quiet dark. my choler became fright for the bosom was crushing so aloud that I was certain person must hear. † This quotation mark from the storyteller shows that the storyteller believes that because the old adult male was highly scared. his bosom was thumping loud plenty for him to hear but in existent fact. it was his through his ain fright taking him to kill the old adult male. Both the storytellers from â€Å"The Black Cat† and â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart† are unnaturally obsessed with something negative that becomes symbolic of ruin for them. â€Å"The Black Cat† storyteller is unnaturally obsessed with Pluto. the cat. believing that it brought bad luck and â€Å"The Tell T ale Heart† storyteller was unnaturally obsessed with the continuously beating bosom and vulture-like oculus of the old adult male. â€Å"Yes! He was dead! Dead as a rock. His oculus would problem me no more! † These really unhealthy compulsions caused the two narrator’s ruins. their mental impairment and increasing lunacy.

Pennsylvania News November 20th, 1863 Essay Example

Pennsylvania News November 20th, 1863 Essay Example Pennsylvania News November 20th, 1863 Essay Pennsylvania News November 20th, 1863 Essay Yesterday I witnessed what I believe to be one of the greatest speeches of all time. It was at the bloody battlefield of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. It was at this juncture where many soldiers lost their lives fighting for freedom, and a unified nation. President Abraham Lincoln gave a speech in response to the horrific battle that took place the first three days in July of this year. The speech, although short, expressed some very good points. The peak of it, which I believe to be moving on and continuing to fight for what those men died for. He made a point of telling the people that those men had not died in vain but in honor.The cause they died for was righteous and what they had accomplished would never be forgotten even long after his speech was. The way in which the speech concluded seemed to almost be an encouragement to the people to keep fighting for the cause. He ended, and I quote, that we here resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that this nation, under God , shall have a new birth of freedom and that government of the people, by the people and for the people, shall not perish from this earth. This speech, along with encouraging people to keep fighting, gave them hope for a better nation and a free country. Although many people look upon this speech as diminutive for such a serious occasion, I believe everything that needed to be said was said. Any additional elaboration on the subject might have made the speech drawn out and off target. Overall I believe that this speech was appropriate as well as influential.

Biology Essay Research Paper Term paperPrinciples of

Biology Essay, Research Paper Term paper: Principles of Ecology 310L New Ecological Penetrations: The Application of Fractal Geometry to Ecology Victoria Levin 7 December 1995 Abstraction New penetrations into the natural universe are merely a few of the consequences from the usage of fractal geometry. Examples from population and landscape ecology are used to exemplify the utility of fractal geometry to the field of ecology. The coming of the computing machine age played an of import function in the development and credence of fractal geometry as a valid new subject. New penetrations gained from the application of fractal geometry to ecology include: understanding the importance of spacial and temporal graduated tables ; the relationship between landscape construction and motion tracts ; an increased apprehension of landscape constructions ; and the ability to more accurately exemplary landscapes and ecosystems. Using fractal dimensions allows ecologists to map carnal tracts without making an unwieldy flood of information. Computer simulations of landscapes provide utile theoretical accounts for deriving new penetrations into the coexistence of species. Although many ecologists have found fractal geometry to be an highly utile tool, non all concur. With all the new penetrations gained through the appropriate application of fractal geometry to natural scientific disciplines, it is clear that fractal geometry a utile and valid tool. New penetration into the natural universe is merely one of the consequences of the increasing popularity and usage of fractal geometry in the last decennary. What are fractals and what are they good for? Scientists in a assortment of subjects have been seeking to reply this inquiry for the last two decennaries. Physicists, chemists, mathematicians, life scientists, computing machine scientists, and medical research workers are merely a few of the scientists that have found utilizations for fractals and fractal geometry. Ecologists have found fractal geometry to be an highly utile tool for depicting ecological systems. Many population, community, ecosystem, and landscape ecologists use fractal geometry as a tool to assist specify and explicate the systems in the universe around us. As with any scientific field, there has been some discord in ecology about the appropriate degree of survey. For illustration, some being ecologists think that anything larger than a individual being obscures the world with excessively much item. On the other manus, some ecosystem ecologists believe that looking at anything less than an full ecosystem will non give meaningful consequences. In world, both positions are right. Ecologists must take all degrees of organisation into history to acquire the most out of a survey. Fractal geometry is a tool that bridges the # 8220 ; spread # 8221 ; between different Fieldss of ecology and provides a common linguistic communication. Fractal geometry has provided new penetration into many Fieldss of ecology. Examples from population and landscape ecology will be used to exemplify the utility of fractal geometry to the field of ecology. Some population ecologists use fractal geometry to correlate the landscape construction with motion tracts of populations or beings, which greatly influences population and community ecology. Landscape ecologists tend to utilize fractal geometry to specify, depict, and theoretical account the scale-dependent heterogeneousness of the landscape construction. Before researching applications of fractal geometry in ecology, we must foremost specify fractal geometry. The exact definition of a fractal is hard to trap down. Even the adult male who conceived of and developed fractals had a difficult clip specifying them ( Voss 1988 ) . Mandelbrot # 8217 ; s foremost published definition of a fractal was in 1977, when he wrote, # 8220 ; A fractal is a set for which the Hausdorff-Besicovitch dimension purely exceeds the topographical dimension # 8221 ; ( Mandelbrot 1977 ) . He subsequently expressed sorrow for holding defined the word at all ( Mandelbrot 1982 ) . Other efforts to gaining control the kernel of a fractal include the undermentioned quotation marks:# 8220 ; Different people use the word fractal in different ways, but all agree that fractal objects contain constructions nested within one another like Chinese boxes or Russian dolls. # 8221 ; ( Kadanoff 1986 )# 8220 ; A fractal is a form made of parts similar to the whole in some way. # 8221 ; ( Mandelbrot 1982 ) Fractals are # 8230 ; # 8221 ; geometric signifiers whose irregular inside informations recur at different scales. # 8221 ; ( Horgan 1988 ) Fractals are # 8230 ; # 8221 ; curves and surfaces that live in an unusual kingdom between the first and 2nd, or between the 2nd and 3rd dimensions. # 8221 ; ( Thomsen 1982 ) One manner to specify the elusive fractal is to look at its features. A cardinal feature of fractals is that they are statistically self-similar ; it will look like itself at any graduated table. A statistically self-similar graduated table does non hold to look precisely like the original, but must look similar. An illustration of self-similarity is a caput of Brassica oleracea italica. Imagine keeping a caput of Brassica oleracea italica. Now break off a big floweret ; it looks similar to the whole caput. If you continue interrupting off smaller and smaller flowerets, you # 8217 ; ll see that each floweret is similar to the larger 1s and to the original. There is, nevertheless, a bound to how little you can travel before you lose the self- similarity. Another placing feature of fractals is they normally have a non- whole number dimension. The fractal dimension of an object is a step of space-filling ability and allows one to compare and categorise fractals ( Garcia 1991 ) . A consecutive line, for illustration, has the Euclidean dimension of 1 ; a plane has the dimension of 2. A really jaggy line, nevertheless, takes up more infinite than a consecutive line but less infinite so a solid plane, so it has a dimension between 1 and 2. For illustration, 1.56 is a fractal dimension. Most fractal dimensions in nature are about 0.2 to 0.3 greater than the Euclidian dimension ( Voss 1988 ) . Euclidian geometry and Newtonian natural philosophies have been profoundly frozen traditions in the scientific universe for 100s of old ages. Even though mathematicians every bit early as 1875 were puting the foundations that Mandelbrot used in his work, early mathematicians resisted the constructs of fractal geometry ( Garcia 1991 ) . If a construct did non suit within the boundaries of the recognized theories, it was dismissed as an exclusion. Much of the early work in fractal geometry by mathematicians met this destiny. Even though early scientists could see the abnormality of natural objects in the universe around them, they resisted the construct of fractals as a tool to depict the natural universe. They tried to coerce the natural universe to suit the theoretical account presented by Euclidean geometry and Newtonian natural philosophies. Yet we all know that # 8220 ; clouds are non domains, mountains are non cones, coastlines are non circles, and bark is non smooth, nor does lightning go in a consecutive line # 8221 ; ( Mandelbrot 1982 ) . The coming of the computing machine age, with its sophisticated artworks, played an of import function in the development and credence of fractal geometry as a valid new subject in the last two decennaries. Computer-generated images clearly show the relevancy of fractal geometry to nature ( Scheuring and Riedi 1994 ) . A computer- generated coastline or mountain scope demonstrates this relevancy. Once mathematicians and scientists were able to see graphical representations of fractal objects, they could see that the mathematical theory behind them was non capricious but really describes natural objects reasonably good. When explained and illustrated to most scientists and non-scientists likewise, fractal geometry and fractals make sense on an intuitive degree. Examples of fractal geometry in nature are coastlines, clouds, works roots, snowflakes, lightning, and mountain scopes. Fractal geometry has been used by many scientific disciplines in the last two decennaries ; natural philosophies, chemical science, weather forecasting, geology, mathematics, medical specialty, and biological science are merely a few. Understanding how landscape ecology influences population ecology has allowed population ecologists to derive new penetrations into their field. A dominant subject of landscape ecology is that the constellation of spacial mosaics influences a broad array of ecological phenomena ( Turner 1989 ) . Fractal geometry can be used to explicate connexions between populations and the landscape construction. Interpreting spacial and temporal graduated tables and motion tracts are two countries of population ecology that have benefited from the application of fractal geometry. Different tools are required in population ecology because the declaration or graduated table with which field informations should be gathered is attuned to the survey being ( Wiens et al. 1993 ) . Insect motions, like works root growing, follow a uninterrupted way that may be punctuated by Michigans but the tools required to mensurate this uninterrupted tract are really different. Plant motion is measured by detecting root growing through exposure, insect motion by tracking insects with flag arrangement, and carnal motion by utilizing tracking devices on larger animate beings ( Gautestad and Mysterud 1993, Shibusawa 1994, Wiens et Al. 1993 ) . Spatial and temporal graduated table are of import when mensurating the place scope of a population and when tracking carnal motion ( Gautestad and Mysterud 1993, Wiens et Al. 1993 ) . Animal waies have local, temporal, and scale-specific fluctuations in tortuousness ( Gautestad and Mysterud 1993 ) that are best described by fractal geometry. The function of insect motion besides required usage of the proper spacial or temporal graduated table. If excessively long of a clip interval is used to map the insect # 8217 ; s advancement, the sections will be excessively long and the elaboratenesss of the insect # 8217 ; s motions will be lost. The usage of really short intervals may make unreal interruptions in behavioural moves and might increase the sampling attempt required until it is unwieldy ( Wiens et al. 1993 ) . Movement tracts are one of the chief features influenced by the landscape. Motion tracts are influenced by the flora spots and spot boundaries ( Wiens et al. 1993 ) . Root warp in a growth works is similar to an carnal tract being changed by the landscape construction. Waies of carnal motion have fractal facets. In a continuously changing landscape, it is hard to specify the country of a coinage # 8217 ; s home ground ( Palmer 1992 ) . Application of fractal geometry has given new penetrations into carnal motion tracts. For illustration, carnal motion determines the place scope. Because carnal motion is greatly influenced by the fractal facet of the landscape, place scope is straight influenced by the landscape construction ( Gautestad and Mysterud 1993 ) . Animal motion is non random but greatly influenced by the landscape of the place scope of the animate being ( Gautestad and Mysterud 1993 ) . Structural complexness of the environment consequences in Byzantine animate being tracts ( Gautestad and Mysterud 1993 ) , which in bend lead to ragged place scope boundaries. Gautestad and Mysterud ( 1993 ) found that place scope can be more accurately described by its fractal belongingss than by the traditional area-related estimates. Since limit of place scope is a hard undertaking and place scope can # 8217 ; t be described in traditional units like square metres or square kilometres, they used fractal belongingss to better depict the place scope country as a composite country use form ( Gautestad and Mysterud 1993 ) . Fractals work good to depict place scope because as the sample of location observation additions, the overall form of Thursday e place secret plans takes the signifier of a statistical fractal ( Gautestad and Mysterud 1993 ) . Fractal dimensions are used to stand for the tracts of beetling motion because the fractal dimension of insect motion tracts may supply penetrations non available from absolute steps of pathway constellations ( Wiens et al. 1993 ) . Using fractal dimensions allowed ecologists to map the tract without making an unwieldy flood of information ( Wiens et al. 1993 ) . Insect behaviour such as forage, coupling, population distribution, predator- quarry interactions or community composing may be mechanisticly determined by the nature of the landscape. The spacial heterogeneousness in environmental characteristics or patchiness of a landscape will find how organisms can travel about ( Wiens et al. 1993 ) . As a beetle or an other insect walks along the land, it does non travel in a consecutive line. The beetle might walk along in a peculiar way looking for something to eat. It might go on in one way until it comes across a shrub or bush. It might travel around the shrub, or it might turn around and head back the manner it came. Its way seems to be random but is truly dictated by the construction of the landscape ( Wiens et al. 1993 ) . Another betterment in population ecology through the usage of fractal geometry is the mold of works root growing. Roots, which besides may look random, do non turn indiscriminately. Reproducing the fractal forms of root systems has greatly improved root growing theoretical accounts ( Shibusawa 1994 ) . Landscape ecologists have used fractal geometry extensively to derive new penetrations into their field. Landscape ecology explores the effects of the constellation of different sorts of environments on the distribution and motion of beings ( Palmer 1992 ) . Emphasis is on the flow or motion of being, cistrons, energy, and resources within complex agreements of ecosystems ( Milne 1988 ) . Landscapes exhibit non-Euclidean denseness and perimeter-to-area relationships and are therefore suitably described by fractals ( Milne 1988 ) . New penetrations on graduated table, increased apprehension of landscape constructions, and better landscape construction patterning are merely some of the additions from using fractal geometry. Troubles in describing and patterning spatially distributed ecosystems and landscapes include the natural spacial variableness of ecologically of import parametric quantities such as biomass, productiveness, dirt and hydrological features. Natural variableness is non changeless and depends to a great extent on spacial graduated table. Spatial heterogeneousness of a system at any graduated table will forestall the usage of simple point theoretical accounts ( Vedyushkin 1993 ) . Most landscapes exhibit forms intermediate between complete spacial independency and complete spacial dependance. Until the reaching of fractal geometry it was hard to pattern this intermediate degree of spacial dependance ( Palmer 1992, Milne 1988 ) . Landscapes present beings with heterogeneousness happening at a myriad of length graduated tables. Understanding and foretelling the effects of heterogeneousness may be enhanced when scale-dependent heterogeneousness is quantified utilizing fractal geometry ( Milne 1988 ) . Landscape ecologists normally assume that environmental heterogeneousness can be described by the form, figure, and distribution on homogenous landscape elements or spots. Heterogeneity can change as a map of spacial graduated table in landscapes. An illustration of this is a checker board. At a really little graduated table, a checker board is homogenous because one would remain in one square. At a somewhat larger graduated table, the checker board would look to be heterogenous since one would traverse the boundaries of the ruddy and black squares. At an even larger graduated table, one would return to homogeneousness because of the form of ruddy and black squares ( Palmer 1992 ) . An increased apprehension of the landscape structures consequences from utilizing the fractal attack in the field of distant detection of forest flora. Specific advantages include the ability to pull out information about spacial construction from remotely sensed informations and to utilize it in favoritism of these informations ; the compaction of this information to few values ; the ability to construe fractal dimension values in footings of factors, which determine concrete spacial construction ; and sufficient hardiness of fractal features ( Vedyushkin 1993 ) . Computer simulations of landscapes provide utile theoretical accounts for deriving new penetrations into the coexistence of species. Fake landscapes allow ecologists to research some of the effects of the geometrical constellation of environmental variableness for species coexistence and profusion ( Palmer 1992 ) . A statistically self-similar landscape is an abstraction but it allows an ecologist to theoretical account fluctuation in spacial dependance ( Palmer 1992 ) . Spatial variableness in the environment is an of import determiner of coexistence of rivals ( Palmer 1992 ) . Spatial variableness can be modeled by changing the landscape # 8217 ; s fractal dimension. The consequences of this computing machine simulation of species in a landscape show that an addition in the fractal dimension increases the figure of species per microsite and increases species habitat comprehensiveness. Other consequences show that environmental variableness allows the coexistence of species, lessenings beta diverseness, and increases landscape undersaturation ( Palmer 1992 ) . Increasing the fractal dimension of the landscape allows more species to be in a peculiar country and in the landscape as a whole ; nevertheless, highly high fractal dimensions cause fewer species to coexist on the landscape graduated table ( Palmer 1992 ) . Although many ecologists have found fractal geometry to be an highly utile tool, non all concur. Even scientists who have used fractal geometry in their research point out some of its defects. For illustration, Scheuring and Riedi ( 1994 ) province that # 8220 ; the failing of fractal and multifractal methods in ecological surveies is the fact that existent objects or their abstract projections ( e.g. , flora maps ) contain many different sorts of points, while fractal theory assumes that the natural ( or abstract ) objects are represented by points of the same kind. # 8221 ; Many scientists agree with Mandelbrot when he said that fractal geometry is the geometry of nature ( Voss 1988 ) , while other scientists think fractal geometry has no topographic point outside a computing machine simulation ( Shenker 1994 ) . In 1987, Simberloff et Al. argued that fractal geometry is useless for ecology because ecological forms are non fractals. In a paper called # 8220 ; Fractal Geometry Is Not the Geometry of Nature, # 8221 ; Shenker says that Mandelbrot # 8217 ; s theory of fractal geometry is invalid in the spacial kingdom because natural objects are non self-similar ( 1994 ) . Further, Shenker states that Mandelbrot # 8217 ; s theory is based on want and has no scientific footing at all. He conceded nevertheless that fractal geometry may work in the temporal part ( Shenker 1994 ) . The unfavorable judgment that fractal geometry is merely applicable to precisely self-similar objects is addressed by Palmer ( 1982 ) . Palmer ( 1982 ) points out that Mandelbrot # 8217 ; s early definition ( Mandelbrot 1977 ) does non advert self-similarity and therefore allows objects that exhibit any kind of fluctuation or abnormality on all spacial graduated tables of involvement to be considered fractals. Harmonizing to Shenker, fractals are eternal geometric procedures, and non geometrical signifiers ( 1994 ) , and are hence useless in depicting natural objects. This position is kindred to stating that we can # 8217 ; T usage Newtonian natural philosophies to pattern the way of a missile because the missile # 8217 ; s exact mass and speed are impossible to cognize at the same clip. Mass and speed, like fractals, are abstractions that allow us to understand and pull strings the natural and physical universe. Even though they are # 8220 ; merely # 8221 ; abstractions, they work rather good. The value of critics such as Shenker and Simberloff is that they force scientists to clearly understand their thoughts and premises about fractal geometry, but the critics go excessively far in demanding preciseness in an imprecise universe. With all the new penetrations and new cognition that have been gained through the appropriate application of fractal geometry to natural scientific disciplines, it is clear that is a utile and valid tool. The new penetrations gained from the application of fractal geometry to ecology include: understanding the importance of spacial and temporal graduated tables ; the relationship between landscape construction and motion tracts ; an increased apprehension of landscape constructions ; and the ability to more accurately theoretical account landscapes and ecosystems. One of the most valuable facets of fractal geometry, nevertheless, is the manner that it bridges the spread between ecologists of differing Fieldss. By supplying a common linguistic communication, fractal geometry allows ecologists to pass on and portion thoughts and constructs. As the information and computing machine age advancement, with better and faster computing machines, fractal geometry will go an even more of import tool for ecologists and life scientists. Some future applications of fractal geometry to ecology include clime mold, conditions anticipation, land direction, and the creative activity of unreal home grounds. Literature Cited Garcia, L. 1991. The Fractal Explorer. Dynamic Press. Santa Cruz. Gautestad, A. O. , Mysterud, I. 1993. Physical and biological mechanisms in animate being motion processes. Journal of Applied Ecology. 30:523-535. Horgan, J. 1988. Fractal Shorthand. Scientific American. 258 ( 2 ) :28. Kadanoff, L. P. 1986. Fractals: Where # 8217 ; s the natural philosophies? Physicss Today. 39:6-7. Mandelbrot, B. B. 1982. The Fractal Geometry of Nature. W. H. Freeman and Company. San Francisco. Mandelbrot, B. B. 1977. Fractals: Form, Chance, and Dimension. W. H. Freeman. New York. Milne, B. 1988. Measuring the Fractal Geometry of Landscapes. Applied mathematics and Computation. 27: 67-79. Palmer, M.W. 1992. The coexistence of species in fractal landscapes. Am. Nat. 139:375-397. Scheuring, I. and Riedi, R.H. 1994. Application of multifractals to the analysis of flora form. Journal of Vegetation Science. 5: 489-496. Shenker, O.R. 1994. Fractal Geometry is non the geometry of nature. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science. 25:6:967-981. Shibusawa, S. 1994. Modeling the ramification growing fractal form of the corn root system. Plant and Soil. 165: 339-347. Simberloff, D. , P. Betthet, V. Boy, S. H. Cousins, M.-J. Fortin, R. Goldburg, L. P. Lefkovitch, B. Ripley, B. Scherrer, and D. Tonkyn. 1987. Novel statistical analyses in tellurian carnal ecology: dirty informations and clean inquiries. pp. 559-572 in Developments in Numeric Ecology. P. Legendre and L. Legendre, eds. NATO ASI Series. Vol. G14. Springer, Berlin. Turner, M. G. 1989. Landscape ecology ; the consequence of form on procedure. Annual Rev. Ecological Syst. 20:171-197. Vedyushkin, M. A. 1993. Fractal belongingss of forest spacial construction. Vegetatio. 113: 65-70. Voss, R. F. 1988. Fractals in Nature: From Characterization to Simulation. pp. 21- 70. in The Science of Fractal Images. H.-O. Peitgen and D. Saupe, eds. Springer- Verlag, New York. Wiens, J. A. , Crist, T. O. , Milne, B. 1993. On quantifying insect motions. Environmental Entomology. 22 ( 4 ) : 709-715. Thomsen, D. E. 1980. Making music # 8211 ; Fractally. Science News. 117:187-190.

COMMUNITY CARE OF THE ELDERLY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

COMMUNITY CARE OF THE ELDERLY - Essay Example Insufficient basic care for the elderly, and the strains and anxieties of their care-givers are important issues in society. This topic is very relevant in societies all over the world today, where globalization and new technology find their way to. Due to scientific advancement in all fields, including medicine, the life expectancy of humans rises steadily, and the greying population is predicted to grow in proportion over the next few decades. It becomes imperative that problems which are unique to the aging and elderly should be dealt with, so that quality of life can be improved for the infirm and old, and also for their care-givers. This is reiterated by Belle, S.E; Rogers, M.(1999) who state that the ageing of the population presents both fiscal and health challenges; therefore it is incumbent upon our global society to create an environment that enables older adults to develop and maintain healthy life-styles and behaviours. THE EAST END OF GLASGOW: Ineichen (1993) states that Glasgow – described by a parliamentary committee in 1840 as a place where â€Å"penury, dirt, misery, drunkenness and crime culminate to a pitch unparalleled in Great Britain†- was probably the dirtiest and unhealthiest of all British cities. Fever was prevalent, and the population density was excessive. Because of squalor and overcrowding, diseases like malaria and typhus were not unknown. The buildings were crowded together, and the drainage system was poor. 1According to the BBC News aired on 4 August, 2002 9:25 U.K. the flood caused by rains and poorly functional sewers in the east end of Glasgow, resulted in hundreds of people losing their homes and hundreds being forced to spend the night in emergency accommodation. The aging sewer system of the east end of Glasgow had to be replaced in order to avoid similar national emergency situations from arising in the future. ELDERLY PEOPLE IN THE EAST END OF GLASGOW: An empirical study of old people in